Question 1

Which of the following best defines 'learning' as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

A relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.

Question 2

In Pavlov's original classical conditioning experiment with dogs, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the unconditioned response (UR)?

Accepted Answer

US = food; UR = salivation

Question 3

A person develops a fear of dogs after being bitten by one. Later, they also feel anxious when seeing a picture of a dog. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 4

Which scenario best illustrates operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A student studies hard to receive praise from their teacher.

Question 5

A rat presses a lever and receives food every third time it presses. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Fixed-ratio schedule

Question 6

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior

Question 7

A person who gets sick after eating a certain food and then avoids that food in the future is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversion

Question 8

In Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, what was the main finding regarding children's behavior?

Accepted Answer

Children imitated aggressive behaviors modeled by adults.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Accepted Answer

Giving a child extra chores for misbehaving.

Question 10

A dog learns to sit when it hears the word 'sit' because it has been repeatedly given a treat after sitting. In this scenario, the word 'sit' is:

Accepted Answer

A conditioned stimulus

Question 11

Which equation best represents the process of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$NS + US \rightarrow UR$$

Question 12

A slot machine pays out after an unpredictable number of plays. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Variable-ratio schedule

Question 13

Which of the following best describes 'latent learning'?

Accepted Answer

Learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not immediately demonstrated.

Question 14

A child learns to say 'please' and 'thank you' by watching their parents. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 15

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Food

Question 16

A student receives a sticker every time they complete a homework assignment. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Fixed-ratio schedule

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the partial reinforcement effect?

Accepted Answer

Behaviors reinforced intermittently are more resistant to extinction.

Question 18

A person feels anxious every time they see their boss, even outside of work, after being reprimanded in the office. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Money

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.

Learning and Conditioning: Principles of Behavioral Change

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