Q: A population of 100 rabbits has allele frequencies of $$p = 0.7$$ and $$q = 0.3. $$What is the expected frequency of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

$$2pq = 2 \times 0.7 \times 0.3 = 0.42$$

Q: A population of 200 individuals is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If $$p = 0.4$$ and $$q = 0.6$$, what is the expected number of individuals with genotype $$qq$$?

$$q^2$$ \times 200 = 0.36 \times 200 = 72$$

Question 1

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates genetic drift in a population?

Accepted Answer

A population of beetles where a flood randomly kills half the individuals, changing allele frequencies.

Question 2

According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which condition must be met for allele frequencies to remain constant in a population?

Accepted Answer

No migration or gene flow occurs.

Question 3

Which equation represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for genotype frequencies?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 4

A population of 100 rabbits has allele frequencies of $$p = 0.7$$ and $$q = 0.3. $$What is the expected frequency of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 2 	imes 0.7 	imes 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 5

Which evolutionary mechanism is the only one that can create new alleles in a population?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 6

A population of seals experienced a bottleneck, reducing its size to fewer than 100 individuals. What is the most likely genetic consequence?

Accepted Answer

Loss of genetic variation and fixation of alleles

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection must favor one allele over another.

Question 8

If a population is fixed for the dominant allele ($$p = 1$$), what is the frequency of the recessive allele ($$q$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$q = 0$$

Question 9

Which type of mutation results in a premature stop codon in a gene sequence?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 10

Gene flow can change allele frequencies in a population by:

Accepted Answer

Introducing alleles from other populations

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A small group starts a new population, leading to different allele frequencies than the original population.

Question 12

Which mechanism of evolution is most likely to reduce genetic variation in a small population over time?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 13

A population of 200 individuals is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If $$p = 0.4$$ and $$q = 0.6$$, what is the expected number of individuals with genotype $$qq$$?

Accepted Answer

$$q^2$$ 	imes 200 = 0.36 	imes 200 = 72$$

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of non-random mating?

Accepted Answer

Individuals preferentially mate with others of similar phenotype.

Question 15

Natural selection requires which of the following conditions to occur in a population? Select the best answer.

Accepted Answer

Variation in traits, differential survival/reproduction, heritability, and more offspring produced than can survive.

Question 16

Which statement about mutation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Mutation is random with respect to fitness and is the ultimate source of new alleles.

Question 17

If a population violates the assumption of random mating, what is the most likely effect on genotype frequencies?

Accepted Answer

Genotype frequencies will deviate from Hardy-Weinberg expectations.

Question 18

Which of the following mechanisms can increase the frequency of a harmful allele in a population?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift in a small population

Question 19

A population of 50 individuals is subject to genetic drift. After several generations, what is the most likely outcome for rare alleles?

Accepted Answer

Rare alleles are likely to be lost from the population.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is rarely observed in natural populations?

Accepted Answer

Natural populations often experience selection, mutation, migration, or non-random mating.

Mechanisms of Evolution: Genetic Drift, Mutation, Gene Flow, and Natural Selection

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