Question 1

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form a bilayer in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophilic heads interact with water, while their hydrophobic tails avoid water, causing them to arrange into a bilayer.

Question 2

A cell membrane contains a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Which of the following best predicts how this will affect membrane fluidity at low temperatures?

Accepted Answer

Membrane fluidity will increase because unsaturated fatty acids prevent tight packing.

Question 3

Which of the following molecules would most likely require a transport protein to cross a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 4

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and swells until it bursts. Which term best describes the solution, and what is the direction of water movement?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic; water moves into the cell.

Question 5

Which of the following best distinguishes between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires a transport protein, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about active transport is correct?

Accepted Answer

Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy input, often from ATP.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol stabilizes membrane fluidity by preventing tight packing at low temperatures and restricting movement at high temperatures.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a catabolic reaction?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration

Question 9

A chemical reaction has a negative change in free energy ($$\Delta G \u003c 0). $$Which of the following is true about this reaction?

Accepted Answer

The reaction is exergonic and spontaneous.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy ($$E_a) $$required for the reaction to proceed.

Question 11

During intense exercise, muscle cells may switch to fermentation. What is the primary reason for this metabolic shift?

Accepted Answer

To regenerate NAD$$^+ so $$glycolysis can continue in the absence of sufficient oxygen

Question 12

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration, and vice versa.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct net chemical equation for cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the Calvin cycle is correct?

Accepted Answer

The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into sugars.

Question 15

A plant is exposed only to green light. What is the most likely effect on the rate of photosynthesis, and why?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis will decrease because chlorophyll reflects green light rather than absorbing it.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of NAD$$^+ in $$cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

NAD$$^+$$ acts as an oxidizing agent, accepting electrons during redox reactions.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about ATP synthase is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP synthase uses the energy of a proton ($$\mathrm{H^+}) $$gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why life can maintain an ordered state despite the second law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

Living systems increase local order by releasing heat and increasing the entropy of their surroundings.

Question 19

Which of the following is a key difference between the citric acid cycle and the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

The citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, while the Calvin cycle fixes it.

Question 20

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm. What will happen to the cell, and what is the term for this type of solution?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water and shrink; the solution is hypertonic.

Membrane Structure, Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis: Study Guide

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