Question 1

Which of the following best describes Mendel's particulate theory of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Traits are inherited as discrete units that do not blend, but are passed intact from one generation to the next.

Question 2

In Mendel's experiments with pea plants, why was it important that he used 'true breeding' (homozygous) plants for his parental (P) generation crosses?

Accepted Answer

It ensured that each parent would only contribute one type of allele for the trait being studied, making inheritance patterns easier to interpret.

Question 3

A pea plant with genotype $$Tt ($$where $$T is $$tall and $$t is $$short) is crossed with another $$Tt$$ plant. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of tall to short offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$3:1$$

Question 4

Which of the following statements about dominant and recessive alleles is correct?

Accepted Answer

A dominant allele codes for a functional protein that masks the effect of a recessive allele, which often represents a loss of function.

Question 5

If two parents are both heterozygous for albinism ($$Aa$$), where $$A is $$normal pigmentation and $$a is $$albinism, what is the probability that their child will have albinism?

Accepted Answer

$$25\%$$

Question 6

Mendel's law of segregation is best explained by which event during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

The separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.

Question 7

A test cross is performed between a pea plant with an unknown genotype for yellow seeds (dominant trait, $$Y) $$and a plant with green seeds (recessive, $$yy). If $$all offspring have yellow seeds, what is the genotype of the unknown parent?

Accepted Answer

$$YY$$

Question 8

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous guinea pigs ($$BbSs$$), where $$B is $$black coat, $$b is $$brown coat, $$S is $$short hair, and $$s is $$long hair, what is the expected phenotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 9

Which of the following best illustrates Mendel's law of independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

A plant can inherit a tall stem and either green or yellow pods, independent of each other.

Question 10

A pea plant with genotype $$Pp ($$purple flowers) is self-crossed. What is the expected genotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$1\ PP : 2\ Pp : 1\ pp$$

Question 11

Why did Mendel's choice of pea plants (Pisum sativum) contribute to the success of his experiments?

Accepted Answer

Pea plants have easily distinguishable traits, short generation times, and can be both self- and cross-pollinated.

Question 12

If a plant with genotype $$Yy ($$yellow seeds) is crossed with a plant with genotype $$yy ($$green seeds), what percentage of the offspring are expected to have yellow seeds?

Accepted Answer

$$50\%$$

Question 13

Which of the following best defines the term 'genotype'?

Accepted Answer

The specific alleles an individual possesses for a given trait.

Question 14

A woman and her partner are both heterozygous for albinism ($$Aa). $$What is the probability that their first two children will both have normal pigmentation?

Accepted Answer

$$9/16$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of a test cross used to determine genotype?

Accepted Answer

Crossing a dog with unknown coat color genotype to a homozygous recessive dog to determine if the unknown is homozygous or heterozygous.

Question 16

In a dihybrid cross, what is the probability of obtaining an offspring that is homozygous recessive for both traits ($$aabb) $$from two parents that are both heterozygous for both traits ($$AaBb$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$1/16$$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why recessive traits can reappear in later generations after being absent in the parental generation?

Accepted Answer

Recessive alleles can be carried by heterozygous individuals and only expressed when two copies are inherited.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about Punnett squares is correct?

Accepted Answer

They allow prediction of genotype and phenotype ratios among offspring from specific parental crosses.

Question 19

A plant with genotype $$Rr ($$round seeds) is crossed with a plant with genotype $$rr ($$wrinkled seeds). What is the expected genotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$1\ Rr : 1\ rr$$

Mendelian Genetics: Patterns of Inheritance and Fundamental Laws

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