Q: A population of beetles has two alleles for color: G (green) and g (brown). If the frequency of G is $$p = 0.7$$ and the frequency of g is $$q = 0.3$$, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes (Gg) under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

$$2pq = 2 \times 0.7 \times 0.3 = 0.42$$

Q: A population of 200 individuals has the following genotype counts for a gene: BB = 119, Bb = 57, bb = 24. What is the frequency of the b allele?

$$f(b) = \frac{2 \times 24 + 57}{2 \times 200} = \frac{48 + 57}{400} = \frac{105}{400} = 0.2625$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of Darwin's three postulates of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Survival and reproduction are random, unrelated to traits

Question 2

Evolution is best defined as:

Accepted Answer

Change in allele frequencies of a population across generations

Question 3

Which of the following mechanisms does NOT drive evolution?

Accepted Answer

Random mating

Question 4

A population of beetles has two alleles for color: G (green) and g (brown). If the frequency of G is $$p = 0.7$$ and the frequency of g is $$q = 0.3$$, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes (Gg) under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 2 	imes 0.7 	imes 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 5

Which type of selection increases the frequency of individuals with extreme phenotypes at both ends of the trait distribution?

Accepted Answer

Disruptive selection

Question 6

Mendel’s law of segregation states that:

Accepted Answer

Each organism has two alleles for each gene, which segregate during gamete formation

Question 7

In a population, the genotype frequencies for a gene are: AA = 0.36, Aa = 0.48, aa = 0.16. What are the allele frequencies of A and a?

Accepted Answer

$$f(A) = 0.36 + 0.24 = 0.60$$, $$f(a) = 0.16 + 0.24 = 0.40$$

Question 8

Which scenario best illustrates genetic drift?

Accepted Answer

A small population of birds is isolated on an island, and by chance, only birds with blue feathers survive a storm

Question 9

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following must be true?

Accepted Answer

There is no mutation, migration, selection, genetic drift, or non-random mating

Question 10

A cross between two heterozygous pea plants (Rr) for seed shape produces offspring. What is the expected genotype ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

1 RR : 2 Rr : 1 rr

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative trait?

Accepted Answer

Height in humans

Question 12

In Mendel’s dihybrid cross (RrYy x RrYy), what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

9:3:3:1

Question 13

Which evolutionary mechanism introduces new alleles into a population?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 14

A population of 200 individuals has the following genotype counts for a gene: BB = 119, Bb = 57, bb = 24. What is the frequency of the b allele?

Accepted Answer

$$f(b) = \frac{2 	imes 24 + 57}{2 	imes 200} = \frac{48 + 57}{400} = \frac{105}{400} = 0.2625$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes segregate into gametes independently

Question 16

Which of the following would violate Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population?

Accepted Answer

Migration of individuals into the population

Question 17

A population of flowers has two alleles for color: R (red) and W (white). If the genotype frequencies are RR = 0.25, RW = 0.50, WW = 0.25, what are the allele frequencies?

Accepted Answer

$$f(R) = 0.25 + 0.5/2 = 0.5$$, $$f(W) = 0.25 + 0.5/2 = 0.5$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a discrete trait?

Accepted Answer

Seed shape in peas (round or wrinkled)

Question 19

Which statement about the Modern Synthesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

It integrated Darwin’s theory of natural selection with Mendel’s principles of heredity

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?

Accepted Answer

Human birth weight, where very low and very high weights have higher mortality

Natural Selection, Mechanisms of Evolution, and Mendelian Genetics

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