Q: Which of the following best explains how the Na\textsuperscript{+}-K\textsuperscript{+} ATPase pump contributes to the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

It pumps three Na\textsuperscript{+} ions out of the cell and two K\textsuperscript{+} ions into the cell, making the inside more negative.

Q: Which of the following is a correct sequence of events at a chemical synapse?

Action potential arrives at presynaptic terminal, Ca\textsuperscript{2+} enters, vesicles fuse with membrane, neurotransmitter is released.

Q: Which of the following best describes the absolute refractory period of an action potential?

It is the period when voltage-gated Na\textsuperscript{+} channels are inactivated and no action potential can be generated.

Q: Which of the following scenarios would most likely increase the frequency of action potentials in a sensory neuron?

Increasing the permeability of the membrane to Na\textsuperscript{+} during stimulation.

Question 1

Which of the following best explains how the Na	extsuperscript{+}-K	extsuperscript{+} ATPase pump contributes to the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It pumps three Na	extsuperscript{+} ions out of the cell and two K	extsuperscript{+} ions into the cell, making the inside more negative.

Question 2

A neuron is exposed to a toxin that blocks voltage-gated Na	extsuperscript{+} channels. What is the most likely effect on the action potential?

Accepted Answer

The neuron will be unable to depolarize and generate an action potential.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between leak channels and voltage-gated channels in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Leak channels are responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential, while voltage-gated channels are crucial for action potential generation.

Question 4

If the extracellular concentration of K	extsuperscript{+} increases significantly, what will happen to the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It will become less negative (depolarized).

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at presynaptic terminal, Ca	extsuperscript{2+} enters, vesicles fuse with membrane, neurotransmitter is released.

Question 6

A patient has a genetic mutation that prevents the formation of myelin in the central nervous system. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials will fail to propagate efficiently, leading to slower neural signaling.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the absolute refractory period of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

It is the period when voltage-gated Na	extsuperscript{+} channels are inactivated and no action potential can be generated.

Question 8

Which of the following scenarios would most likely increase the frequency of action potentials in a sensory neuron?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the permeability of the membrane to Na	extsuperscript{+} during stimulation.

Question 9

Which of the following is a key difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

The somatic nervous system uses a single neuron to reach its target, while the autonomic nervous system uses a two-neuron chain.

Question 10

A person is exposed to a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction. What is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Muscle contraction will be prolonged due to excess acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle can contract without neural input, while skeletal muscle cannot?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells have pacemaker cells that generate spontaneous action potentials.

Question 12

Which of the following would most likely occur if the function of Ca	extsuperscript{2+} channels in the presynaptic terminal is blocked?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft would be greatly reduced or absent.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Myosin heads pull actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening the muscle.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct pairing of neurotransmitter and division of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine – Sympathetic (preganglionic)

Question 15

A person is exposed to a toxin that prevents the reuptake and degradation of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. What is the most likely effect on synaptic transmission?

Accepted Answer

Synaptic transmission will be prolonged due to continued activation of postsynaptic receptors.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of light on photoreceptor cells in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Light causes Na	extsuperscript{+} channels to close, hyperpolarizing the cell and decreasing neurotransmitter release.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct comparison between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Accepted Answer

The CNS contains oligodendrocytes, while the PNS contains Schwann cells.

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely occur if the Na	extsuperscript{+}-K	extsuperscript{+} ATPase pump in a neuron is inhibited for an extended period?

Accepted Answer

The concentration gradients for Na	extsuperscript{+} and K	extsuperscript{+} will dissipate, leading to loss of membrane potential.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the sympathetic nervous system is activated during a 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

It releases norepinephrine and epinephrine to increase heart rate and blood flow to muscles.

Question 20

A patient has a mutation that causes voltage-gated K	extsuperscript{+} channels to remain open longer than normal during an action potential. What is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

The neuron will repolarize more quickly and may hyperpolarize more than usual.

Nervous System: Organization, Physiology, and Motor Control

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