Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genes and chromosomes in diploid cells?

Accepted Answer

Genes are located on chromosomes, and diploid cells contain pairs of homologous chromosomes with genes present in pairs.

Question 2

If both parents are carriers for an autosomal recessive disorder (genotype Aa), what is the probability that their child will be affected by the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$ \frac{1}{4} $$

Question 3

A child inherits one allele for a gene from each parent. Which process ensures this separation of alleles?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Question 4

In sickle cell disease, the genotype HbA/HbS results in which phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Carrier (sickle cell trait)

Question 5

Which inheritance pattern is illustrated when a trait appears in both sexes with equal frequency, does not skip generations, and affected offspring must have an affected parent?

Accepted Answer

Autosomal dominant

Question 6

A woman with genotype XHXh (carrier for hemophilia, an X-linked recessive disorder) marries a man with genotype XHY. What is the probability that their son will have hemophilia?

Accepted Answer

$$ \frac{1}{2} $$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes pleiotropy?

Accepted Answer

A single gene affects multiple traits.

Question 8

A pedigree shows a disease affecting only males, skipping generations, and never passed from father to son. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

X-linked recessive

Question 9

If Rachel and Daniel (both carriers for Tay-Sachs, genotype Tt) have a child, what is the probability that the child will be affected by Tay-Sachs disease?

Accepted Answer

$$ \frac{1}{4} $$

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of codominance?

Accepted Answer

A person with blood type AB expresses both A and B antigens.

Question 11

A man with genotype HH (normal) marries a woman with genotype Hh (carrier for Huntington's disease). What is the probability that their child will develop Huntington's disease?

Accepted Answer

$$ \frac{1}{2} $$

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why most recessive inherited diseases are not evenly distributed in a population?

Accepted Answer

Carriers do not show symptoms, so the allele can persist in certain populations.

Question 13

Which factor increases the chance of passing on recessive traits in a population?

Accepted Answer

Consanguineous marriages (marriage between relatives)

Question 14

A woman with genotype TT (normal) marries a man with genotype Tt (carrier for Tay-Sachs). What is the probability that their child will be a carrier?

Accepted Answer

$$ \frac{1}{2} $$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes polygenic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Multiple genes affect a single trait.

Question 16

In a family pedigree, what does a shaded circle represent?

Accepted Answer

Affected female

Question 17

Which of the following statements about sex linkage is correct?

Accepted Answer

Females pass their X chromosomes to both sons and daughters.

Question 18

A man with blood type AB cannot be the biological father of a child with blood type O. Why?

Accepted Answer

Type AB individuals do not carry the O allele and cannot pass it to offspring.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes Mendel's law of segregation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation, so each gamete receives only one allele.

Patterns of Inheritance: Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetic Disorders

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