Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of adaptive radiation as observed in Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands?

Accepted Answer

A single ancestral species gives rise to multiple species, each adapted to a different ecological niche.

Question 2

During the 1977 drought on Daphne Major, which trait in Geospiza fortis finches was most strongly selected for, and why?

Accepted Answer

Larger beak depth, because only birds with deeper beaks could crack the harder seeds that remained.

Question 3

Which equation best represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with two alleles, A and a, with frequencies $$p$$ and $$q$$?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 4

The 'ghost of predation past' refers to which evolutionary concept?

Accepted Answer

Current traits in a species are shaped by selective pressures from now-extinct predators.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A small group of birds colonizes a new island, and their descendants show reduced genetic diversity compared to the original population.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why pronghorn antelope can run at speeds much faster than any current North American predator?

Accepted Answer

They evolved in response to now-extinct Pleistocene predators that were exceptionally fast.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for natural selection to occur?

Accepted Answer

All individuals in a population must be genetically identical.

Question 8

In the context of sexual selection, what is the 'good genes' hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Females prefer males with exaggerated traits because these traits signal genetic quality and health.

Question 9

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates sympatric speciation?

Accepted Answer

A population of insects begins to exploit a new food source within the same geographic area, leading to reproductive isolation.

Question 10

Which of the following is a likely consequence of a genetic bottleneck?

Accepted Answer

Reduced genetic diversity and increased risk of extinction.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes coevolution?

Accepted Answer

Two species reciprocally affect each other's evolution, such as predator and prey adapting in response to each other.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of directional selection?

Accepted Answer

During a drought, finches with larger beaks survive better and become more common in the population.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about genetic drift is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is a random process that can lead to significant changes in small populations.

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-world example of sexual selection?

Accepted Answer

Peacocks evolving large, colorful tails to attract mates.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why some New Zealand birds, such as the kiwi, are nocturnal and cryptic?

Accepted Answer

They evolved these traits in response to predation by the now-extinct giant eagle.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation?

Accepted Answer

A population of squirrels is divided by the formation of the Grand Canyon, leading to the evolution of two distinct species.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the relationship between tail length in peacocks and parasite resistance?

Accepted Answer

Longer tails are correlated with fewer parasites, suggesting a signal of good health.

Question 18

Which of the following is a plausible reason why exaggerated male traits, such as large antlers or bright plumage, persist in populations despite their costs?

Accepted Answer

They provide a reproductive advantage by attracting more mates.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between genetic drift and natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift is random, while natural selection is non-random and based on fitness differences.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

Unrelated species develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.

Processes That Drive Evolution: Natural Selection, Speciation, and Evolutionary Mechanisms

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