Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between monomers and polymers in biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Monomers are small molecules that are joined together by dehydration reactions to form polymers.

Question 2

A dehydration reaction is crucial in the synthesis of macromolecules. Which of the following best represents this process?

Accepted Answer

Two monomers are joined together, releasing a molecule of water: $$C_nH_{2n}O_n + C_mH_{2m}O_m \rightarrow C$$_{n+m}$$H_{2(n+m)-2}O$$_{n+m-1} + H_2O$

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why cellulose is difficult for most animals to digest?

Accepted Answer

Most animals lack enzymes that can hydrolyze the $$\beta-1$$,4 glycosidic linkages found in cellulose.

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct comparison between starch and glycogen?

Accepted Answer

Starch is the main storage polysaccharide in plants, while glycogen is the main storage polysaccharide in animals.

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the formation of peptide bonds. Which macromolecule's synthesis would be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Proteins

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the structure of a phospholipid and its role in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

A phospholipid has two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head, forming a bilayer in water.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about protein structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary structure is stabilized by interactions between R groups, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges.

Question 8

A person with sickle-cell disease has a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin. This change most directly affects which level of protein structure?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why trans fats are considered more harmful than saturated fats?

Accepted Answer

Trans fats are produced by hydrogenation and may contribute more to cardiovascular disease than saturated fats.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct description of the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis in the context of biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers by adding a molecule of water: $$	ext{Polymer} + H_2O ightarrow 	ext{Monomer}_1 + 	ext{Monomer}_2$$

Question 12

A scientist is studying a molecule with a backbone of sugar-phosphate units and nitrogenous bases as appendages. This molecule is most likely:

Accepted Answer

A nucleic acid

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of chitin in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support in the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why proteins can have such a wide variety of functions in cells?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are made from 20 different amino acids, allowing for diverse structures and functions.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol helps maintain membrane fluidity and is a precursor for steroid synthesis.

Question 16

A researcher finds a molecule with a single six-membered ring as its nitrogenous base. Which type of base is this, and in which nucleic acids can it be found?

Accepted Answer

Pyrimidine; found in both DNA and RNA

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of denaturation?

Accepted Answer

A high fever causes blood proteins to lose their functional shape, resulting in biological inactivity.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the antiparallel arrangement of DNA strands?

Accepted Answer

The two strands run in opposite directions, with one running 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a huge variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers?

Accepted Answer

The sequence and arrangement of monomers can vary, leading to diverse polymers.

Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules: Study Notes

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