Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of their outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 2

A researcher observes a cell with condensed chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate, spindle fibers attached to kinetochores, and no nuclear envelope. Which phase of mitosis is this cell in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 3

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what is the ploidy of the cell immediately after this phase in a human somatic cell?

Accepted Answer

S phase; diploid ($$2n)$$

Question 4

Which of the following statements about cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cdks are present at constant concentrations in the cell, but are only active when bound to cyclin.

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with a tumor that has invaded surrounding tissues and spread to other organs. Which terms best describe this tumor?

Accepted Answer

Malignant tumor; metastasis

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why chemotherapy often causes hair loss and gastrointestinal issues in patients?

Accepted Answer

Chemotherapy targets all rapidly dividing cells, including normal cells such as those in hair follicles and the intestinal lining.

Question 7

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is also known as the 'restriction point,' and why is it especially important?

Accepted Answer

G1 checkpoint; it determines whether the cell will proceed with division or enter the G0 phase.

Question 8

A scientist observes a cell in which the nuclear envelope is reforming, chromosomes are decondensing, and the spindle apparatus is disappearing. Which phase is this?

Accepted Answer

Telophase

Question 9

Which of the following is a key difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the mitotic spindle during cell division?

Accepted Answer

It separates sister chromatids by attaching to kinetochores and pulling them toward opposite poles.

Question 11

A cell is exposed to a growth factor released by platelets after a wound. Which type of cell is most likely to respond, and what is the growth factor called?

Accepted Answer

Fibroblast; platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Question 12

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates density-dependent inhibition?

Accepted Answer

Cells stop dividing when they become crowded and touch neighboring cells.

Question 13

What is the function of the maturation-promoting factor (MPF) in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

It triggers the cell's passage from G2 into M phase by phosphorylating target proteins.

Question 14

A cell is observed to have unattached kinetochores during mitosis. What is the likely consequence for the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

The cell will be delayed at the M checkpoint until all kinetochores are attached.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of binary fission in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

The chromosome replicates, and the cell divides as the plasma membrane pinches inward.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Cells in G0 are non-dividing and may remain in this state permanently, such as mature nerve cells.

Question 17

A mutation causes a cell to lose its ability to undergo apoptosis. What is a likely consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

The cell may accumulate DNA damage and become cancerous.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why cancer cells can form tumors even when surrounded by other cells?

Accepted Answer

They lack density-dependent inhibition and continue to divide uncontrollably.

Question 19

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 20

A cell is exposed to a chemical that prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle. What is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

The cell will be unable to separate sister chromatids during mitosis.

The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Cell Cycle Regulation

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