{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q1. What is the simplified form of "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^{-8}}{a^3}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Exponents and Indices"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the rules for dividing exponential expressions with the same base."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"When dividing like bases: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Negative exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-n} = \\frac{1}{a^n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the exponents in the numerator and denominator: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-8}"}},{"type":"text","text":" (numerator), "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^3"}},{"type":"text","text":" (denominator)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apply the division rule for exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Substitute the values: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"m = -8"}},{"type":"text","text":", "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"n = 3"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the subtraction: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-8-3}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-11}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Subtracting the exponents gives "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"-8 - 3 = -11"}},{"type":"text","text":", so "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^{-8}}{a^3} = a^{-11}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q2. What is the result of "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^{-8} \\cdot a^3}{a^{-8}}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Exponents and Indices"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to apply the rules for multiplying and dividing exponents with the same base."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiplying like bases: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^m \\cdot a^n = a^{m+n}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dividing like bases: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"First, multiply the exponents in the numerator: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-8} \\cdot a^3 = a^{-8+3}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Simplify the numerator: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-5}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Now, divide by "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-8}"}},{"type":"text","text":": "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^{-5}}{a^{-8}}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apply the division rule: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-5-(-8)}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{3}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"-5 - (-8) = -5 + 8 = 3"}},{"type":"text","text":", so the result is "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^3"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q3. Which of the following expressions simplifies to "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5 = x a^{-n}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Exponents and Algebraic Manipulation"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to rearrange exponential equations and solve for a variable."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Isolating variables in exponential equations"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Exponent rules: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^m \\cdot a^n = a^{m+n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Start with the equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5 = x a^{-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"To solve for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"x"}},{"type":"text","text":", divide both sides by "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that dividing by "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":" is the same as multiplying by "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"x = \\frac{a^5}{a^{-n}}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: x = "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{5+n}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"So, the correct expression is "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"x = a^{5+n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q4. Which expression is equivalent to "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5 a^n = x"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Exponents and Indices"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of multiplying exponents with the same base."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiplying like bases: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^m \\cdot a^n = a^{m+n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiply the exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5 \\cdot a^n = a^{5+n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"x = a^{5+n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compare with the answer choices to see which matches this form."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: x = "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{5+n}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The correct equivalent expression is "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"x = a^{5+n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q5. What happens to the exponent when you divide "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" by "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^n"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Exponents and Indices"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the division rule for exponents with the same base."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dividing like bases: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{a^m}{a^n} = a^{m-n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the operation: division of exponents with the same base."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apply the rule: subtract the exponent in the denominator from the exponent in the numerator."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the expression: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{5-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^{5-n}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"When dividing, the exponents are subtracted: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"a^5 / a^n = a^{5-n}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q6. What is the product of "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"7.9 \\times 10^{-8}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"7.9 \\times 10^{-11}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" in scientific notation?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Scientific Notation and Multiplication of Exponential Numbers"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to multiply numbers in scientific notation and apply exponent rules."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiplying numbers in scientific notation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"(a \\times 10^m) \\times (b \\times 10^n) = (a \\times b) \\times 10^{m+n}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiply the coefficients: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"7.9 \\times 7.9"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Add the exponents: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"-8 + (-11)"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Combine the results: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"(7.9 \\times 7.9) \\times 10^{(-8)+(-11)}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Express the answer in proper scientific notation (if needed, adjust the coefficient to be between 1 and 10)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"62.41 \\times 10^{-19}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" or "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"6.241 \\times 10^{-18}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" (if normalized)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiplying the coefficients and adding the exponents gives the product in scientific notation. If you need to normalize, move the decimal and adjust the exponent accordingly."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q7. Which of the following is NOT an oxidation-reduction reaction?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Redox (Oxidation-Reduction) Reactions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to identify redox reactions by analyzing changes in oxidation states."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Concepts"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxidation: Loss of electrons (increase in oxidation state)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Reduction: Gain of electrons (decrease in oxidation state)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Redox reaction: Both oxidation and reduction occur"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Double displacement/precipitation reactions: No change in oxidation state"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For each reaction, assign oxidation states to all elements before and after the reaction."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Check if any element's oxidation state changes from reactants to products."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"If no change in oxidation state occurs, the reaction is NOT a redox reaction."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compare all options and identify the one where oxidation states remain unchanged."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: d) FeCl₂ (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Fe(OH)₂ (aq) + 2 NaCl (aq)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This is a double displacement (precipitation) reaction; no oxidation states change, so it is not a redox reaction."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q8. If 8g of substance A is in 200g of solution, what is the concentration of substance A in grams per gram of solution?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Solution Concentration (Mass/Volume Percent and Ratios)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to calculate concentration as a mass ratio (g/g)."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Concentration (g/g) = "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{\\text{mass of solute}}{\\text{mass of solution}}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the mass of solute (substance A): 8g."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the mass of solution: 200g."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the ratio: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{8g}{200g}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Simplify the fraction to lowest terms or decimal form."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 0.04 g/g"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dividing 8g by 200g gives 0.04 g/g."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q9. To find the value of X when 10g of substance A is used, which formula would you use?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Proportion and Solution Concentration"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to use proportions to solve for an unknown in a concentration problem."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Proportion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{\\text{mass of A}_1}{\\text{solution}_1} = \\frac{\\text{mass of A}_2}{X}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Set up the proportion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{8g}{200g} = \\frac{10g}{X}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cross-multiply to solve for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"X"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"8 \\times X = 10 \\times 200"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Isolate "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"X"}},{"type":"text","text":" by dividing both sides by 8."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"X = 250g"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cross-multiplying and solving gives "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"X = 250g"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q10. Alex and November went on a holiday that cost $960 to Germany. Alex's mother paid 1/4 of the total cost and Alex and November shared the remaining cost in the ratio of 1:8. Calculate how much each person paid towards the cost of the holiday."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Ratios and Proportions in Cost Sharing"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to divide a total cost among multiple people using fractions and ratios."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fraction paid by Alex's mother: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{1}{4}"}},{"type":"text","text":" of total"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Remaining cost: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{Total} - \\text{Mother's share}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ratio division: If shared in ratio "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"1:8"}},{"type":"text","text":", Alex gets 1 part, November gets 8 parts"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate Alex's mother's share: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{1}{4} \\times 960"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Subtract mother's share from total to find the amount Alex and November must share."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Add the ratio parts: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"1 + 8 = 9"}},{"type":"text","text":" parts."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Divide the remaining amount by 9 to find the value of one part."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiply by 1 for Alex and by 8 for November to find their individual shares."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Alex's mother paid $240. Alex paid $80. November paid $640."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mother: $960 \\times \\frac{1}{4} = $240. Remaining: $960 - $240 = $720. Alex: $720 \\times \\frac{1}{9} = $80. November: $720 \\times \\frac{8}{9} = $640."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q11. What is the concentration of the initial stock solution of NaOH prepared by dissolving 25.00 g in 150.0 mL of water?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Solution Concentration (Molarity)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to calculate molarity from mass and volume."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molarity ("},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"M"}},{"type":"text","text":"): "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"M = \\frac{\\text{moles of solute}}{\\text{volume of solution in liters}}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Moles: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\text{moles} = \\frac{\\text{mass (g)}}{\\text{molar mass (g/mol)}}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molar mass of NaOH: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"22.99 + 15.999 + 1.008 = 39.997 \\approx 40.00"}},{"type":"text","text":" g/mol"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate moles of NaOH: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\frac{25.00}{40.00}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Convert 150.0 mL to liters: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"150.0 \\div 1000 = 0.150"}},{"type":"text","text":" L."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate molarity: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"M = \\frac{\\text{moles}}{0.150}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 1.67 M"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Moles = 0.625; Molarity = "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"0.625 / 0.150 = 4.17"}},{"type":"text","text":" M (double-check calculation for rounding)."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q12. After diluting 50.0 mL of the stock solution to a total volume of 400.0 mL, what is the concentration of NaOH in this diluted solution?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Solution Dilution (Molarity)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to use the dilution equation to find the new concentration after dilution."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dilution equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1V_1 = C_2V_2"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" = initial concentration, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" = initial volume"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2"}},{"type":"text","text":" = final concentration, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_2"}},{"type":"text","text":" = final volume"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" (from previous question), "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1 = 50.0"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_2 = 400.0"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Plug values into the dilution equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1V_1 = C_2V_2"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rearrange to solve for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2"}},{"type":"text","text":": "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2 = \\frac{C_1V_1}{V_2}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Convert all volumes to the same units (mL is fine since both are in mL)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 0.21 M"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2 = \\frac{1.67 \\times 50.0}{400.0} = 0.21"}},{"type":"text","text":" M"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q13. If 75.0 mL of the diluted solution is taken and diluted to a final volume of 500 mL, what is the concentration of NaOH in the final solution?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Serial Dilution"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to perform a second dilution using the dilution equation."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dilution equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1V_1 = C_2V_2"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Use "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" from previous answer, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1 = 75.0"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_2 = 500"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" (from previous answer), "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1 = 75.0"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_2 = 500"}},{"type":"text","text":" mL."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Plug into the dilution equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2 = \\frac{C_1V_1}{V_2}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate the value for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 0.0315 M"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2 = \\frac{0.21 \\times 75.0}{500} = 0.0315"}},{"type":"text","text":" M"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q14. What is the total mass of NaOH in grams present in the final 500 mL solution?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Mass from Molarity and Volume"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to calculate the mass of solute from molarity and volume."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Moles = Molarity × Volume (in L)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mass = Moles × Molar mass"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molar mass of NaOH = 40.00 g/mol"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Convert 500 mL to liters: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"500 \\div 1000 = 0.5"}},{"type":"text","text":" L."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calculate moles: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"0.0315 \\times 0.5"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Multiply moles by molar mass to get grams."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 0.63 g"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Moles = 0.01575; Mass = "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"0.01575 \\times 40.00 = 0.63"}},{"type":"text","text":" g"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q15. Which of the following statements is true regarding the process of diluting the stock solution of NaOH?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Solution Dilution Concepts"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your conceptual understanding of what changes and what remains constant during dilution."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Concepts"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"During dilution, the amount (moles) of solute stays the same, but the concentration decreases as volume increases."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that dilution involves adding solvent, not solute."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Consider what happens to the number of moles, concentration, and total volume."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Review each statement and determine which matches the correct concept."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: C. The total volume of NaOH solution increases during dilution."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"During dilution, the total volume increases, but the amount of NaOH stays the same and concentration decreases."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q16. What is the volume (in mL) of 7 M HBr needed to prepare 3.5 L of 2.7 M HBr?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Solution Dilution Calculations"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to use the dilution equation to find the required volume of a concentrated solution."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dilution equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1V_1 = C_2V_2"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" = 7 M, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"C_2"}},{"type":"text","text":" = 2.7 M, "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_2"}},{"type":"text","text":" = 3.5 L"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Plug values into the dilution equation: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"7 \\times V_1 = 2.7 \\times 3.5"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Solve for "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" in liters."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Convert "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1"}},{"type":"text","text":" from liters to milliliters by multiplying by 1000."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: 1.35 L or 1350 mL"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"V_1 = \\frac{2.7 \\times 3.5}{7} = 1.35"}},{"type":"text","text":" L = 1350 mL"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q17. Which ions are involved in forming iron(II) carbonate?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Ionic Compounds and Formula Writing"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your knowledge of common ions and how to combine them to form ionic compounds."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iron(II) ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Fe^{2+}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbonate ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"CO_3^{2-}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the charge on the iron(II) ion ("},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Fe^{2+}"}},{"type":"text","text":")."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Identify the charge on the carbonate ion ("},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"CO_3^{2-}"}},{"type":"text","text":")."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Combine the ions in a ratio that results in a neutral compound."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Fe^{2+}"}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"CO_3^{2-}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iron(II) carbonate is formed from "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Fe^{2+}"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"CO_3^{2-}"}},{"type":"text","text":" ions."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q18. When aluminum (Al) combines with sulfur (S), what is the correct formula of the resulting compound?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Ionic Compound Formula Writing"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to write the correct formula for an ionic compound based on the charges of the ions."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aluminum ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sulfide ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"S^{2-}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the charges for each ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"S^{2-}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Balance the charges to get a neutral compound (find the lowest common multiple)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the formula using subscripts to indicate the number of each ion needed."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2S_3"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Two aluminum ions ("},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"2 \\times 3^+ = 6^+"}},{"type":"text","text":") and three sulfide ions ("},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"3 \\times 2^- = 6^-"}},{"type":"text","text":") balance to form "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2S_3"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q19. What is the name of the compound formed when aluminum reacts with oxygen?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Naming Ionic Compounds"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to name binary ionic compounds."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aluminum ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxide ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"O^{2-}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Compound formula: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2O_3"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the formula for the compound: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2O_3"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Name the cation (aluminum) and the anion (oxide)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Combine the names: [metal] [nonmetal-ide]."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: Aluminum oxide"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The compound is named aluminum oxide."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q20. In a molecular compound is formed by ___"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Types of Chemical Bonds"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of the difference between molecular (covalent) and ionic compounds."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Concepts"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molecular (covalent) compounds: formed by sharing electrons between nonmetals"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ionic compounds: formed by transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Recall that molecular compounds are typically formed between nonmetals."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Think about the type of bonding (covalent) involved."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fill in the blank with the correct description."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: Nonmetals"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Molecular compounds are formed by the combination of nonmetals."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q21. Which of the following is the correct name for the compound formed between the polycation ammonium and the nonmetal iodine?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to name compounds containing polyatomic ions and nonmetals."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ammonium ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"NH_4^+"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iodide ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"I^-"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the formula for the compound: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"NH_4I"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Name the cation (ammonium) and the anion (iodide)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Combine the names: [cation] [anion]."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: Ammonium iodide"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The compound is named ammonium iodide."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q22. When aluminum (Al) combines with oxygen (O), what is the correct formula of the resulting compound?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Ionic Compound Formula Writing"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your ability to write the correct formula for an ionic compound based on the charges of the ions."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Formulas"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aluminum ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxide ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"O^{2-}"}}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the charges for each ion: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al^{3+}"}},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"O^{2-}"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Balance the charges to get a neutral compound (find the lowest common multiple)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Write the formula using subscripts to indicate the number of each ion needed."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!"}]},{"type":"collapsible","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Final Answer: "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2O_3"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Two aluminum ions and three oxide ions balance to form "},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"Al_2O_3"}},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Q23. Which statements about the Hydrogen isotope with a mass number of 2 are accurate?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Background"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Topic: Isotopes and Atomic Structure"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This question tests your understanding of isotopes, mass number, and nuclear chemistry."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"Key Terms and Concepts"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydrogen isotope with mass number 2: Deuterium ("},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"^2H"}},{"type":"text","text":" or D)"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mass number = protons + neutrons"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydrogen has 1 proton; deuterium has 1 neutron"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Step-by-Step Guidance"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"