Q: According to the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct flow of genetic information?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Proteins}$$

Q: A mutation occurs in the DNA of a gene encoding a ribosomal protein. According to the central dogma, what is the most likely sequence of events leading to a defective ribosome?

$$\text{DNA mutation} \rightarrow \text{altered mRNA} \rightarrow \text{altered protein} \rightarrow \text{defective ribosome}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the four requirements for a molecule to be considered genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Ability to catalyze metabolic reactions

Question 2

According to the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the correct flow of genetic information?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Proteins}$$

Question 3

Which experiment provided the first evidence that genetic material could be transferred between bacterial cells, leading to a change in phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Frederick Griffith's experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1927

Question 4

In Griffith's experiment, what was the result when mice were injected with a mixture of heat-killed virulent (S) strain and live avirulent (R) strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Accepted Answer

The mice died, and live virulent (S) bacteria were recovered from them

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of tRNA in the process of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

It carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis

Question 6

Which property of genetic material allows for the evolution of new traits in a population?

Accepted Answer

Variation by mutation

Question 7

A scientist discovers a new molecule in a cell that can replicate and store information, but cannot be transcribed or translated. Which requirement for genetic material does it fail to meet?

Accepted Answer

Expression of information

Question 8

Which of the following is a direct consequence of the central dogma of biology in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

A mutation in DNA can lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein

Question 9

In the context of Griffith's experiment, what is the most plausible explanation for the transformation observed in the mice?

Accepted Answer

Genetic material from the heat-killed S strain was taken up by the live R strain, converting it to the virulent form

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of rRNA in the cell?

Accepted Answer

It forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes

Question 11

A mutation occurs in the DNA of a gene encoding a ribosomal protein. According to the central dogma, what is the most likely sequence of events leading to a defective ribosome?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA mutation} ightarrow 	ext{altered mRNA} ightarrow 	ext{altered protein} ightarrow 	ext{defective ribosome}$$

Question 12

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the requirement of 'replication' for genetic material?

Accepted Answer

A cell divides and both daughter cells receive identical copies of genetic material

Question 13

If a molecule can be mutated but cannot be faithfully copied, which requirement for genetic material does it fail to meet?

Accepted Answer

Replication

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of 'expression of information' as a requirement for genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Transcription of a gene into mRNA, followed by translation into a protein

Question 15

A patient is found to have a genetic disorder caused by a single nucleotide change in a gene. Which requirement for genetic material does this observation support?

Accepted Answer

Variation by mutation

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why proteins are not considered the genetic material, despite their complexity?

Accepted Answer

Proteins cannot replicate themselves or store genetic information

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world application of the central dogma of biology?

Accepted Answer

Using recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin in bacteria

Question 18

In a laboratory, a student mixes heat-killed pathogenic bacteria with live non-pathogenic bacteria and observes that the non-pathogenic bacteria become pathogenic. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of nucleotides in genetic material?

Accepted Answer

They are the building blocks that are linked together to form nucleic acids

Question 20

A scientist is studying a molecule that can be mutated, replicated, and expressed as a phenotype, but cannot store information over generations. Which requirement for genetic material is missing?

Accepted Answer

Storage of information

Foundations of Genetic Material and the Central Dogma

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