Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

During DNA replication, new nucleotides are added to which end of the growing DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

3’ hydroxyl end

Question 3

A mutation in the gene encoding a ribosomal protein of the large (60S) subunit most directly impairs which step of translation?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond formation

Question 4

Which of the following codons signals the start of translation in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{AUG}$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the structure of a typical eukaryotic gene?

Accepted Answer

A promoter, coding region (with introns and exons), and a terminator

Question 6

The lac operon is an example of which type of gene regulation?

Accepted Answer

Inducible operon

Question 7

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities involves a segment of a chromosome being reversed end to end?

Accepted Answer

Inversion

Question 8

A 54-year-old man with colorectal cancer is found to have a mutation in the p53 gene. Which cell cycle checkpoint is most directly affected by the loss of p53 function?

Accepted Answer

G1 checkpoint

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why meiosis, but not mitosis, leads to genetic variation in offspring?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over and independent assortment occur during meiosis.

Question 10

A woman is a carrier for an X-linked recessive disorder and her partner is unaffected. What is the risk that their son will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

50%

Question 11

Which of the following karyotypes is associated with Turner syndrome?

Accepted Answer

45, XO

Question 12

Which type of mutation results in a premature stop codon?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 13

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 14

Which of the following best describes aneuploidy?

Accepted Answer

An abnormal number of chromosomes

Question 15

If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I, what is the expected outcome for the resulting gametes?

Accepted Answer

All gametes are abnormal

Question 16

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 17

A mutation that changes a codon from $$\mathrm{GAA} ($$glutamic acid) to $$\mathrm{GUA} ($$valine) is best classified as:

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the centromere during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Attachment of spindle fibers to chromosomes

Question 19

Which checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before anaphase begins?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint

Question 20

A patient with a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 is described cytogenetically as:

Accepted Answer

46, XY, del(5)(p13)

Foundations of Molecular Genetics & the Central Dogma: Core Concepts and Clinical Applications

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