Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

A mutation in a gene results in a loss of function phenotype. Which approach would you use to determine if this gene is necessary for a specific biological process?

Accepted Answer

Knock out the gene and observe if the process fails to occur.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose.

Question 4

Which model organism is most commonly used to study vertebrate development and has transparent embryos?

Accepted Answer

Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Question 5

Which term refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism?

Accepted Answer

Phenotype

Question 6

A human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes. After mitosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell contain?

Accepted Answer

$$46$$

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the centromere during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Attachment site for kinetochores and cohesion of sister chromatids via cohesin.

Question 8

During meiosis, crossovers occur between homologous chromosomes. Why are crossovers important?

Accepted Answer

They increase genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologs.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes aneuploidy?

Accepted Answer

A condition in which the number of chromosomes is not an exact multiple of the haploid number.

Question 10

Which stage of the mitotic cell cycle involves the separation of sister chromatids?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 11

If a diploid organism has $$2n = 16$$ chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be present in each gamete after meiosis II?

Accepted Answer

$$8$$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a feature common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of membrane-bound organelles

Question 13

Which term describes the location on a chromosome where a specific gene is found?

Accepted Answer

Genetic locus

Question 14

Which process is reductional and results in the halving of chromosome number?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis I

Question 15

Which of the following is a practical or ethical issue related to current developments in genetics?

Accepted Answer

The use of CRISPR for gene editing in human embryos.

Question 16

Which term refers to the complete set of genetic material in an organism?

Accepted Answer

Genome

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Autosomes are chromosomes not involved in determining sex, while sex chromosomes determine the sex of an organism.

Question 18

Which of the following is an advantage of using Escherichia coli as a model organism in genetics research?

Accepted Answer

Rapid growth and simple genome structure.

Question 19

Which term refers to the protein complex that holds sister chromatids together until anaphase?

Accepted Answer

Cohesin

Question 20

A cell with two identical alleles for a gene is described as:

Accepted Answer

Homozygous

Genetics: Foundations and Cell Division Study Guide

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