Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of genetics?

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Q: A population of plants is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If the frequency of allele A is $$p = 0.7$$ and allele a is $$q = 0.3$$, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes (Aa)?

$$2pq = 2 \times 0.7 \times 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the theories of epigenesis and preformation in early developmental biology?

Accepted Answer

Epigenesis states that all organs develop de novo during embryogenesis, while preformation claims that organs are pre-existing in miniature form and simply grow.

Question 2

Which experiment provided the first strong evidence that DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material responsible for inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Hershey-Chase experiment

Question 3

According to the chromosomal theory of inheritance, how are genes transmitted from one generation to the next?

Accepted Answer

Genes reside on chromosomes and are transmitted through gametes.

Question 4

A mutation in the DNA sequence of the β-globin gene changes the codon GAG to GTG. What is the consequence at the protein level, and what disease does this cause?

Accepted Answer

Glutamic acid is replaced by valine, causing sickle cell anemia.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is translated into protein, while RNA is transcribed into protein.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of genetics?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA ightarrow RNA ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 7

A population of plants is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If the frequency of allele A is $$p = 0.7$$ and allele a is $$q = 0.3$$, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes (Aa)?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 2 	imes 0.7 	imes 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a real-world application of recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

Production of human insulin in bacteria

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a genetically modified trait found in crop plants?

Accepted Answer

Increased photosynthetic rate in wheat

Question 10

Which of the following statements about model organisms is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Model organisms are chosen because they are difficult to grow and have long life cycles.

Question 11

Which field focuses on the study of all proteins present in a cell under specific conditions, including their modifications and interactions?

Accepted Answer

Proteomics

Question 12

A scientist is using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences and insert the fragments into bacterial plasmids. What technology is being used?

Accepted Answer

Recombinant DNA technology

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the intersection of natural selection and genetics?

Accepted Answer

Genetic variation produced by mutations provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of bioinformatics in modern genetics?

Accepted Answer

Storing, retrieving, and analyzing large-scale genetic and protein data

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a model organism and a human disease it is used to study?

Accepted Answer

Drosophila melanogaster – Disorders of the nervous system

Question 16

A mutation creates a new allele in a population. What is the significance of this event in terms of evolution?

Accepted Answer

It increases genetic variation, which is essential for evolution by natural selection.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the structure of DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA is an antiparallel, double-stranded helix with complementary base pairing between A–T and G–C.

Question 18

Which of the following is a potential con of genetically engineering crops?

Accepted Answer

Possible development of resistance in pests or weeds

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

The genotype is the set of alleles for a given trait, and the phenotype is the observable expression of those alleles.

Introduction to Genetics: Foundations, History, and Modern Applications

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