Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following experiments provided the first direct evidence that DNA is the genetic material responsible for heredity in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment

Question 2

In the classic Griffith experiment, what was the outcome when mice were injected with a mixture of heat-killed virulent (S) bacteria and live non-virulent (R) bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The mice died and live S bacteria were recovered

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the four essential characteristics of genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Ability to catalyze metabolic reactions

Question 4

What was the key finding of the Hershey and Chase experiment using T2 bacteriophages?

Accepted Answer

DNA is the genetic material that enters bacteria and directs viral reproduction

Question 5

Which chemical group is found at the 3' end of a DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group ($$-OH)$$

Question 6

According to Chargaff’s rules, if a DNA sample contains 30% adenine, what percentage of guanine would you expect?

Accepted Answer

20%

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the structure of DNA is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

The two strands are antiparallel and the bases are on the inside

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why GC-rich DNA has a higher melting temperature than AT-rich DNA?

Accepted Answer

GC pairs form three hydrogen bonds, while AT pairs form two

Question 9

Which of the following is a pyrimidine found in both DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

Cytosine

Question 10

Which enzyme is used by retroviruses to synthesize DNA from an RNA template?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the directionality of nucleic acid synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Nucleotides are added to the 3' end

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA contains ribose sugar, while DNA contains deoxyribose

Question 13

A scientist wants to determine if a specific gene is present in a DNA sample. Which technique based on complementary base pairing would be most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is true about complementary base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

A pairs with T and G pairs with C

Question 16

Which of the following statements about recombinant DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

Recombinant DNA can be inserted into humans for gene therapy

Question 17

If a DNA strand has the sequence 5'-ATGCCGTA-3', what is the sequence of the complementary strand?

Accepted Answer

3'-TACGGCAT-5'

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA is on the outside of the double helix?

Accepted Answer

The backbone is hydrophilic and interacts favorably with water

Question 19

Which of the following is a purine base found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of hydrogen bonds in the DNA double helix?

Accepted Answer

They hold the two strands together by connecting complementary bases

The Molecular Nature of Genetic Material: DNA Structure and Function

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