Question 1

Which of the following best explains why a person with type O blood is considered a universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Type O blood contains no antigens on the surface of red blood cells, so it is not attacked by recipient antibodies.

Question 2

A patient with type B blood requires a transfusion. Which blood types can safely be given to this patient?

Accepted Answer

Type B and Type O

Question 3

What is the primary risk if a person with type A blood receives type B blood during a transfusion?

Accepted Answer

The recipient's anti-B antibodies will bind to the B antigens on donor red blood cells, causing agglutination.

Question 4

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between hemoglobin concentration ($$[Hb]$$), oxygen-carrying capacity ($$O_2$$), and red blood cell count ($$RBC$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$O_2$$ = [Hb] 	imes RBC$$

Question 5

A woman who is Rh- is pregnant with her second child, who is Rh+. What is the most likely complication if she does not receive RhoGAM?

Accepted Answer

Her immune system will attack the fetus's red blood cells, causing hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the Rh factor is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Rh+ individuals have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells.

Question 7

A patient develops sudden red streaks on their arm after a wound. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Blood poisoning (septicemia)

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for RhoGAM in preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Accepted Answer

RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies that destroy fetal Rh+ red blood cells in the mother's circulation before her immune system can react.

Question 9

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using perfluorocarbons (PFCs) as blood substitutes?

Accepted Answer

PFCs are removed from the bloodstream within 2 days, resulting in a short lifespan.

Question 10

A patient presents with fatigue, pale skin, and brittle nails. Laboratory tests reveal low hemoglobin and low iron levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why whole blood is not always ideal for transfusions?

Accepted Answer

Whole blood can carry diseases, must be matched, and has limited storage time.

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between acute and chronic leukemia?

Accepted Answer

Acute leukemia develops rapidly, while chronic leukemia develops slowly.

Question 13

A patient with multiple myeloma is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Bone weakness and increased blood calcium

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of agglutination during a transfusion reaction?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies bind to foreign antigens on red blood cells, causing them to clump together.

Question 15

Which type of anemia is most likely to result from a deficiency in vitamin B12?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia

Question 16

A patient with thrombocytopenia is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Easy bruising and bleeding

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of antibodies in the ABO blood system?

Accepted Answer

They bind to non-self antigens on red blood cells, forming antigen-antibody complexes.

Question 18

A patient with sickle-cell anemia is experiencing hemolytic anemia. Which of the following best explains this condition?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells rupture, leading to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.

Question 19

Which of the following is a common cause of hemorrhagic anemia?

Accepted Answer

Blood loss due to injury or heavy menstrual flow

Question 20

Which of the following best describes why blood substitutes based on modified hemoglobin can be problematic?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin not encased in red blood cells can become toxic to the kidneys.

Blood Transfusions, Blood Types, and Blood Disorders: Study Notes for Human Biology

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