Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense, while adaptive immunity targets specific pathogens and has memory.

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine for influenza. Which type of immunity is primarily being stimulated?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 3

Which of the following cells is most associated with humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

B cell

Question 4

Which statement best explains why a protein generally has more epitopes than a lipid?

Accepted Answer

Proteins have more complex and variable structures, providing more sites for antibody binding.

Question 5

Which class of antibody is most likely to protect you from a common cold virus at mucosal surfaces?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 6

What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They are chemical messengers that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses.

Question 7

A patient is injected with gamma globulin after exposure to hepatitis A. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the process of clonal selection?

Accepted Answer

The activation and proliferation of B cells that recognize a specific antigen, resulting in plasma and memory cells.

Question 9

Which antibody class is primarily responsible for agglutination reactions and is the first produced during a primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the constant (Fc) region of an antibody?

Accepted Answer

Determining the class of the antibody and mediating interactions with immune cells

Question 11

A child is exposed to measles and develops immunity after recovering. Which type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired active immunity

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of M cells in the gastrointestinal tract?

Accepted Answer

They transfer antigens from the gut lumen to lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells.

Question 13

Which cell type is responsible for killing virus-infected cells by recognizing antigens presented on MHC class I molecules?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)

Question 14

Which of the following is a possible outcome of an antigen-antibody reaction?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination, opsonization, neutralization, or activation of the complement system

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why a secondary immune response is faster and more effective than a primary response?

Accepted Answer

Memory cells generated during the primary response quickly recognize and respond to the antigen.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding T-independent antigens?

Accepted Answer

They can activate B cells without T cell help, but usually provoke a weak response and do not generate memory cells.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of natural killer (NK) cells?

Accepted Answer

They destroy cells that do not express MHC class I self-antigens, such as virus-infected or tumor cells.

Question 18

Which of the following is a key feature of antibody diversity in humans?

Accepted Answer

Each B cell produces antibodies with identical variable regions due to random gene rearrangement.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They engulf and degrade microbes, then present antigens to T cells.

Question 20

Which of the following is the main function of IgE antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Triggering the release of histamines from mast cells and basophils, and defense against parasitic worms

Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host

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