Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity produces antibodies to combat extracellular antigens, while cellular immunity uses T lymphocytes to attack antigens that have entered cells.

Question 2

A patient receives an injection of antibodies after exposure to rabies. What type of adaptive immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 3

Which immunoglobulin class is most abundant in serum and can cross the placenta to protect the fetus?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 4

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through breast milk. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 5

Which cytokine is primarily involved in the migration of leukocytes to sites of infection?

Accepted Answer

Chemokine

Question 6

What is the main function of interferons ($$IFN) in $$the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Interfere with viral infections of host cells

Question 7

Which immunoglobulin is most effective at causing clumping (agglutination) of cells and viruses during the early stages of infection?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 8

A laboratory test detects high levels of IgE in a patient. Which condition is most likely associated with this finding?

Accepted Answer

Allergic reaction or parasitic worm infection

Question 9

Which of the following statements about antigens is correct?

Accepted Answer

Antigens are substances that cause the production of antibodies and are usually components of invading microbes.

Question 10

Which immunoglobulin is most common in mucous membranes and secretions such as saliva and tears?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 11

What is the valence of a bivalent antibody?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$

Question 12

Which type of immunity is responsible for fighting viruses before they enter host cells?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity

Question 13

A patient develops immunity after recovering from measles. What type of adaptive immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired active immunity

Question 14

Which immunoglobulin class is found in the lowest concentration in serum and is involved in allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of tumor necrosis factor alpha ($$TNF$$-$$\alpha$$)?

Accepted Answer

Involved in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases

Question 16

What is the role of hematopoietic cytokines in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Control stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells

Question 17

Which immunoglobulin class assists in the immune response on B cells but has no well-defined function?

Accepted Answer

IgD

Question 18

A patient is exposed to a pathogen for the first time. Which immunoglobulin is most likely to be produced first?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the secondary immune response is faster and more effective than the primary response?

Accepted Answer

Memory cells generated during the primary response recognize the antigen and respond rapidly.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about haptens?

Accepted Answer

Haptens are antigens too small to provoke immune responses unless attached to carrier molecules.

Adaptive Immunity: Structure, Function, and Types

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