Question 1

Which of the following best describes the key difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is fast and non-specific, while adaptive immunity is slow and highly specific.

Question 2

During a secondary immune response, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

Both innate and adaptive responses activate, but memory B and T cells respond immediately.

Question 3

Which cell type is primarily responsible for producing antibodies in humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

B cells

Question 4

A patient receives a vaccine and later is exposed to the same pathogen. Which process allows for a faster and stronger immune response?

Accepted Answer

Immunological memory

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a major function of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Directly killing pathogens

Question 6

A single antigen can have multiple epitopes. What does this imply about antibody specificity?

Accepted Answer

Each antibody recognizes only one specific epitope.

Question 7

Which equation best represents the clonal expansion of B cells after antigen recognition?

Accepted Answer

$$N = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$

Question 8

Genetic recombination in T cell receptors is important because it:

Accepted Answer

Allows each person to mount a unique immune response.

Question 9

Which process eliminates T cells that recognize self-antigens and helps prevent autoimmunity?

Accepted Answer

Negative selection

Question 10

Which type of immunity is provided when antibodies are transferred from mother to child via breast milk?

Accepted Answer

Natural passive immunity

Question 11

A patient with HIV experiences immune collapse primarily because the virus targets which cell type?

Accepted Answer

CD4+ helper T cells

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why vaccines are effective?

Accepted Answer

They induce memory cell formation for faster secondary responses.

Question 13

Which subset of T cells is responsible for directly killing infected or cancerous cells?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about plasma cells?

Accepted Answer

They produce antibodies and are short-lived.

Question 15

If a person receives an injection of pre-formed antibodies after exposure to a toxin, what type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Artificial passive immunity

Question 16

Which of the following best describes agglutination by antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies clump pathogens together, making them easier to eliminate.

Question 17

Which feature distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Ability to develop memory

Question 18

Which equation represents the exponential increase in antibody-producing cells during clonal expansion?

Accepted Answer

$$N = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of failure in negative selection of T cells?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disease

Question 20

Which process is responsible for the diversity of T cell receptors in the adaptive immune system?

Accepted Answer

Genetic recombination

Adaptive Immunity: Study Guide and Key Concepts

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