Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, whereas prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus.

Question 2

A scientist isolates a microorganism with a chitin cell wall and no photosynthetic ability. Which group does this organism most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Fungi

Question 3

Which of the following is a major function of the human microbiome?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of immune responses and protection against pathogens

Question 4

Which structure is unique to Gram-negative bacteria and contributes to their ability to cause disease?

Accepted Answer

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 5

Penicillin targets bacterial cells by interfering with the synthesis of which structure?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan cell wall

Question 6

During glycolysis, glucose ($$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6) is $$converted into two molecules of pyruvate. Which of the following best describes the net ATP and NADH yield from glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics such as penicillin are selectively toxic to bacteria but not to human cells?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin targets peptidoglycan, a component of bacterial cell walls absent in human cells.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct scientific name according to binomial nomenclature?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli

Question 9

A bacterial cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is most likely to occur if the cell wall is damaged?

Accepted Answer

The cell will undergo osmotic lysis as water enters.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about biofilms is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Biofilms protect bacteria from environmental stress and antibiotics.

Question 11

Which of the following is a major electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$\mathrm{O}_2)$$

Question 12

Which metabolic pathway produces the most ATP per mole of glucose?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD+ in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

NAD+ acts as an electron carrier, accepting electrons during oxidation reactions.

Question 14

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Archaea compared to Bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Archaea have pseudomurein cell walls.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial glycocalyx?

Accepted Answer

Protects against phagocytosis and aids in attachment

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

ATP is generated directly from the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.

Question 17

A patient is infected with a bacterium that forms endospores. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding endospores?

Accepted Answer

Endospores allow bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions.

Question 18

Which of the following is a major reason for the concern about antibiotic resistance?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotic resistance can result in infections that are difficult or impossible to treat.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the chemiosmotic model for ATP generation?

Accepted Answer

ATP is produced as protons move down their gradient through ATP synthase.

Question 20

Which of the following is a product of fermentation in microorganisms?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid

BIO 203 Exam 1 Study Guide: Microbial World, Cell Anatomy, and Metabolism

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