Question 1

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing ATP, the main energy currency of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 2

A patient with acute kidney injury is most likely experiencing ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress in which type of cells?

Accepted Answer

Tubular epithelial cells

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a semipermeable barrier controlling what enters and exits the cell

Question 4

Which type of cell signaling involves a cell releasing a chemical messenger that affects its own activity?

Accepted Answer

Autocrine signaling

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 6

A mutation affecting the function of integrins would most directly impair which cellular process?

Accepted Answer

Binding cells to the extracellular matrix

Question 7

Which tissue type is classified as avascular and forms sheets that line internal surfaces and cover the body’s outer surface?

Accepted Answer

Epithelial tissue

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

They form the basic structure for complex cytoplasmic organelles and participate in intracellular transport

Question 9

Which process requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient across the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 10

Which of the following equations best represents the equilibrium potential for an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{ion} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[ion]_{out}}{[ion]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct pairing of tissue type and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue – support and binding

Question 12

A scientist observes a cell with a large number of ribosomes attached to its rough endoplasmic reticulum. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis for export

Question 13

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of substances from high to low concentration with help from transport proteins

Question 14

Which cell receptor type is responsible for rapid synaptic signaling in nerve and muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Ion channel-linked receptors

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the cell cycle is correct?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis is the cell division stage

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx on the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism breaks down molecules to produce energy; anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the resting membrane potential in most cells?

Accepted Answer

It is approximately $$-70 mV $$and mainly determined by $$K^+$$ ion distribution

Question 19

Which of the following cell types is most likely to be affected by ER stress in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

Accepted Answer

Intestinal epithelial cells

patho 2

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