Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, whereas prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus.

Question 2

A Gram-negative bacterium is exposed to lysozyme. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The bacterium will be damaged because lysozyme can degrade the thin peptidoglycan layer, but the outer membrane offers some protection.

Question 3

Which structure is primarily responsible for bacterial motility?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 4

A scientist observes a bacterium with a thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. Which type of cell wall does this bacterium most likely possess?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive cell wall

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the bacterial glycocalyx?

Accepted Answer

Providing motility

Question 6

A patient is infected with a bacterium that lacks a cell wall. Which genus is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Mycoplasma

Question 7

Which process requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the cytoplasmic membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides that act as a barrier.

Question 9

Which equation best represents the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane due to osmosis?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -L_p (\Delta P - \sigma \Delta \pi)$$

Question 10

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing it to shrink (plasmolysis).

Question 11

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Cytoplasmic membrane

Question 12

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Golgi body

Question 13

Which of the following statements about endospores is correct?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are resistant to heat, desiccation, and chemicals due to their tough outer coat.

Question 14

Which structure in archaea is analogous to bacterial fimbriae and is used for attachment?

Accepted Answer

Hami

Question 15

A eukaryotic cell is observed to have a double membrane with its own DNA and ribosomes. Which organelle is being described?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 16

Which theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Endosymbiotic theory

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of bacterial pili?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation (transfer of DNA between cells)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the structure of a bacterial cytoplasmic membrane?

Accepted Answer

A double phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 19

Which equation describes the rate of facilitated diffusion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$v = \frac{V_{max}[S]}{K_m + [S]}$$

Question 20

A cell is observed to have cilia and flagella with a '9+2' arrangement of microtubules. What type of cell is this most likely?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cell

Cell Structure and Function: Microbiology Study Notes

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