Question 1

Which of the following is a unique feature of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls compared to Gram-positive cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Presence of an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 2

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water and undergo plasmolysis.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial fimbriae?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces and formation of biofilms

Question 4

Which process requires the cell to expend energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 5

Which of the following statements about endospores is correct?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are resistant to extreme conditions such as heat and chemicals.

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Protection from desiccation and aiding in attachment to surfaces

Question 7

A scientist observes a cell with a nucleus, mitochondria, and a cell wall composed of chitin. This cell is most likely from which group?

Accepted Answer

Fungi

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics that target peptidoglycan synthesis are effective against bacteria but not against human cells?

Accepted Answer

Human cells lack a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan.

Question 9

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 10

A bacterium moves toward a chemical attractant by alternating runs and tumbles. This behavior is known as:

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis

Question 11

Which of the following statements about archaeal cell walls is true?

Accepted Answer

They are composed of specialized polysaccharides and proteins, not peptidoglycan.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes group translocation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A process where substances are chemically modified during transport into the cell

Question 13

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic flagella compared to prokaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Composed of tubulin arranged in a '9+2' microtubule pattern

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi body in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Packaging and processing molecules for export

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why viruses are not considered living organisms?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cytoplasmic membrane and cellular structure.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the ribosomes found in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

They are 70S ribosomes, similar to those in prokaryotes.

Question 17

A patient is infected with a Gram-negative bacterium. Which component of the bacterial cell wall is most likely to trigger fever and shock if released into the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 18

Which of the following transport processes is unique to eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Endocytosis

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells evolved from the fusion of two prokaryotic cells, with one becoming an internal organelle.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the cytoplasmic membrane is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Cell Structure and Function: Microbiology Study Guide

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