Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, while prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region without a membrane.

Question 2

Which structure is responsible for preventing phagocytosis and contributing to the virulence of certain bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Capsule (a type of glycocalyx)

Question 3

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water, causing the plasma membrane to contract away from the cell wall (plasmolysis).

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the composition and function of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan consists of repeating disaccharides (NAG and NAM) connected by polypeptides, providing rigidity and protection against osmotic lysis.

Question 5

Which of the following is a unique feature of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls compared to Gram-positive cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 6

A scientist isolates a bacterium that is resistant to desiccation, heat, and radiation. Which structure is most likely responsible for these properties?

Accepted Answer

Endospore

Question 7

Which process is unique to prokaryotic cells and involves the chemical modification of a transported substance during its passage across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Group translocation

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why Mycoplasma species are resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall and instead have sterols in their plasma membrane.

Question 9

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is the site of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 10

A patient is infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7. The 'H' antigen refers to which bacterial structure?

Accepted Answer

Flagellar protein

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Providing structural support and facilitating cytoplasmic streaming

Question 12

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and the initial assembly of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Nucleolus

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference in plasma membrane lipids between Archaea and Bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Archaea have membrane lipids with branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages, while Bacteria have straight carbon chains attached by ester linkages.

Question 14

Which of the following processes is used by eukaryotic cells to engulf large particles or microorganisms?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 15

A Gram-positive bacterium is treated with lysozyme. What is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme will hydrolyze the sugar bonds in peptidoglycan, weakening the cell wall and potentially causing lysis.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi complex in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides that restrict antibiotic entry.

Question 18

Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus

Question 19

A bacterium is observed to move in a corkscrew fashion. Which structure is most likely responsible for this type of motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments (endoflagella)

Question 20

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) in $$terms of solute concentration ($$C$$), gas constant ($$R$$), and temperature ($$T$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = CRT$$

Cell Structure and Function: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

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