Question 1

Which of the following best describes cellular hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

An increase in cell size in response to increased work demands.

Question 2

A patient with chronic bronchitis due to cigarette smoking develops a change in the epithelial lining of their airways. Which cellular adaptation is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

Metaplasia

Question 3

Which of the following is a characteristic of dystrophic calcification?

Accepted Answer

It occurs in dead or dying tissue, often as a result of prolonged ischemia.

Question 4

A liver biopsy reveals excessive accumulation of fat within hepatocytes. Which pattern of reversible cell injury does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Fatty change

Question 5

Which of the following mechanisms is most directly responsible for cellular swelling during hypoxic injury?

Accepted Answer

Impairment of the energy-dependent $$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase membrane pump

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a source of intracellular accumulation?

Accepted Answer

Excessive apoptosis in healthy tissue

Question 7

A patient exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation is at increased risk for which of the following cellular injuries?

Accepted Answer

Lower blood counts due to bone marrow suppression

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the role of free radicals in cell injury?

Accepted Answer

They cause lipid peroxidation, protein modification, and DNA damage.

Question 9

A patient with ischemic injury to the heart is most likely to experience which of the following disruptions in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Inappropriate activation of destructive enzymes due to increased cytosolic calcium

Question 10

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of apoptosis compared to necrosis?

Accepted Answer

It is a programmed process that eliminates worn-out or damaged cells.

Question 11

A patient presents with a cold, swollen, and pulseless limb. The skin is moist, black, and under tension, with a foul odor. Which type of gangrene is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Wet gangrene

Question 12

Which of the following best describes dysplasia?

Accepted Answer

Deranged cell growth of a specific tissue

Question 13

Which chemical agent was once widely used in household products but is now restricted due to its toxicity?

Accepted Answer

Carbon tetrachloride

Question 14

Which of the following is most likely to cause metastatic calcification?

Accepted Answer

Disturbances in calcium metabolism leading to abnormal deposits in healthy tissue

Question 15

Which of the following is a common consequence of hypoxic cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Acute cellular swelling due to impaired ion transport

Question 16

A patient with vitamin deficiency is most likely experiencing which type of cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Injury from nutritional imbalances

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible multi-step mechanism by which free radicals cause cell injury?

Accepted Answer

Free radicals attack membrane lipids, causing peroxidation, which disrupts membrane integrity and leads to cell dysfunction.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why dry gangrene is less painful over time?

Accepted Answer

Nerve damage progresses, reducing sensation in the affected area.

Question 19

Which of the following is most likely to occur if cytosolic calcium levels rise due to ischemia?

Accepted Answer

Activation of destructive enzymes leading to cell injury

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of hyperplasia?

Accepted Answer

Endometrial growth during the menstrual cycle

patho 3

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