Question 1

Which of the following is a key attribute of adaptive immunity that ensures the immune system does not attack the body's own cells?

Accepted Answer

Unresponsiveness to self

Question 2

A patient receives a kidney transplant and later experiences organ rejection. Which molecule is most directly involved in presenting foreign antigens to T cells, triggering this immune response?

Accepted Answer

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between exogenous and endogenous antigen processing?

Accepted Answer

Exogenous antigens are digested in phagolysosomes and presented on MHC II molecules, while endogenous antigens are processed in the endoplasmic reticulum and presented on MHC I molecules

Question 4

Which cell type is responsible for directly killing virally infected cells and cancer cells in the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8)

Question 5

A child contracts chickenpox and later develops lifelong immunity. What type of acquired immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired immunity

Question 6

Which class of antibody is most abundant in body secretions such as saliva and tears?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 7

During the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which cytokine is crucial for clonal expansion?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Question 8

Which pathway do cytotoxic T cells use to induce apoptosis in target cells by releasing proteins that form pores and activate enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Perforin-granzyme pathway

Question 9

A patient is exposed to a large, repetitive antigen that stimulates antibody production without T cell help. What type of antibody immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

T-independent antibody immunity

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why clonal deletion is important for immune system function?

Accepted Answer

It prevents the immune system from attacking self-antigens

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a route by which antigens can enter the body?

Accepted Answer

Absorption through hair follicles

Question 12

Which type of helper T cell assists B cells in antibody production?

Accepted Answer

Type 2 helper T cell (T_H2)

Question 13

What is the primary function of chemokines in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Signal leukocytes to move toward sites of infection

Question 14

Which of the following statements about B cell receptors (BCRs) is correct?

Accepted Answer

Each B cell expresses a single type of BCR specific for one epitope

Question 15

Which equation best represents the diversity of T cell receptors (TCRs) in the human body?

Accepted Answer

$$10^9$$

Question 16

A patient is exposed to a virus that infects cells and produces viral proteins inside the host cell. Which MHC class will present these endogenous antigens?

Accepted Answer

MHC I

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of antibodies produced by plasma cells?

Accepted Answer

Activate complement proteins

Question 18

Which immune cell type is primarily responsible for mounting a response against exogenous pathogens and toxins?

Accepted Answer

B lymphocytes

Question 19

Which cytokine is secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 20

A patient receives a vaccine containing inactivated viral proteins. What type of acquired immunity is being induced?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired immunity

Chapter 16: Adaptive Immunity – Microbiology Study Notes

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