Question 1

A researcher wants to produce a human protein in bacteria using recombinant DNA technology. Which of the following steps is essential to ensure the bacteria can express the human gene correctly?

Accepted Answer

Use a bacterial promoter and an intron-free version of the human gene in the expression vector.

Question 2

During a PCR reaction, which step is responsible for the specificity of the DNA region that will be amplified?

Accepted Answer

Annealing of primers at $$50-65^\circ\mathrm{C}$$

Question 3

A patient is suspected of having an RNA virus infection. Which sequence of steps is required to detect the viral genome using standard PCR?

Accepted Answer

Extract RNA $$\rightarrow$$ Reverse transcription to cDNA $$\rightarrow$$ PCR amplification $$\rightarrow$$ Detection

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why Taq polymerase is used in PCR instead of most other DNA polymerases?

Accepted Answer

It is not affected by repeated high temperatures during the denaturation step.

Question 5

A scientist runs a gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments. Which fragment will migrate the farthest from the well under standard conditions?

Accepted Answer

A fragment of 100 base pairs

Question 6

A positive PCR test for a pathogen in a patient sample indicates:

Accepted Answer

Genetic material from the pathogen was detected in the sample.

Question 7

Which of the following is a key difference between PCR and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)?

Accepted Answer

PCR amplifies target DNA, while FISH locates specific sequences within cells without amplification.

Question 8

A plasmid used as a vector in genetic engineering must contain which of the following features to be effective?

Accepted Answer

A selectable marker, an origin of replication, and a site for DNA insertion

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

It joins DNA fragments by forming covalent bonds in the backbone.

Question 10

A hospital investigates an outbreak and finds that bacterial isolates from several patients have nearly identical genomes. What is the most appropriate interpretation?

Accepted Answer

There is evidence suggesting a possible shared source or transmission chain.

Question 11

Which of the following is a potential risk of gene therapy using viral vectors?

Accepted Answer

The vector may disrupt genes that control cell growth, potentially leading to cancer.

Question 12

A nucleic acid probe is used in a diagnostic test. What is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

To bind to a complementary nucleic acid sequence for detection

Question 13

Which of the following statements about reverse transcriptase inhibitors is correct?

Accepted Answer

They selectively inhibit the enzyme HIV uses to convert RNA into DNA.

Question 14

A researcher wants to estimate the number of DNA copies after 15 ideal PCR cycles, starting with a single DNA molecule. Which formula should be used, and what is the result?

Accepted Answer

Use $$N = 2^n$$, so $$N = 2$$^{15}$$ = 32,768$$ copies.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a direct application of recombinant DNA technology in healthcare?

Accepted Answer

Measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer

Question 16

Which ethical concern is most relevant when editing genes in human embryos?

Accepted Answer

The possibility of inherited changes affecting future generations

Question 17

A DNA sample is loaded into a gel for electrophoresis. Why does the DNA migrate toward the positive electrode?

Accepted Answer

Because DNA has a negative charge due to its phosphate backbone

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of using a selectable marker in a plasmid vector?

Accepted Answer

To ensure only cells that have taken up the plasmid survive under selective conditions

Question 19

A patient receives a xenotransplantation of a genetically modified pig organ. Which of the following is a major concern specific to this procedure?

Accepted Answer

Transmission of animal pathogens to the human recipient

Question 20

Which of the following statements about GMOs (genetically modified organisms) is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A GMO label alone does not determine if a product is safe or unsafe.

Chapter 8: Recombinant DNA Technology – Microbiology Study Guide

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