Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of self-tolerance in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Self-tolerance is the ability of the immune system to discriminate self from nonself and avoid attacking self-antigens.

Question 2

Multiple sclerosis is classified as which type of autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic autoimmune disease

Question 3

Which autoimmune disease is characterized by antibodies coating acetylcholine receptors, resulting in muscle weakness?

Accepted Answer

Myasthenia gravis

Question 4

A patient presents with immune complexes deposited in the kidney glomeruli. Which disease is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 5

Which of the following is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Question 6

What is the main difference between autoimmune disease and immunodeficiency?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disease involves the immune system attacking self-antigens, while immunodeficiency is the absence of a sufficient immune response.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about HIV structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

HIV contains two identical + stranded RNA molecules and the reverse transcriptase enzyme.

Question 8

During HIV infection, which host cell receptor does the viral gp120 protein bind to?

Accepted Answer

CD4 receptor

Question 9

Which stage of HIV infection is characterized by a CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells/μl and the appearance of indicator conditions?

Accepted Answer

Phase 3

Question 10

Why are reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease considered good targets for HIV chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

They are essential for the replication and maturation of HIV, and inhibiting them disrupts the viral life cycle.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a route of HIV transmission?

Accepted Answer

Mosquito bites

Question 12

A patient is tested for HIV using ELISA and Western blotting. What is the main difference between these two diagnostic methods?

Accepted Answer

ELISA detects antibodies, while Western blotting detects viral proteins or RNA.

Question 13

Which of the following interventions is considered a structural intervention for HIV prevention?

Accepted Answer

Making changes in social, economic, political, and environmental factors

Question 14

What is the most common mode of HIV transmission worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Heterosexual transmission

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why it is difficult to develop an effective HIV vaccine?

Accepted Answer

There is no model of natural immunity to mimic and HIV has a high mutation rate.

Question 16

Which cells are the main target of HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

CD4+ T helper cells

Question 17

A patient with persistent fever and oral leukoplakia but no severe symptoms is most likely in which phase of HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

Phase 2

Question 18

Which of the following statements about HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) is correct?

Accepted Answer

HAART uses combinations of drugs to minimize survival of resistant HIV strains.

Question 19

Which autoimmune disease is characterized by abnormal antibodies in the thyroid producing excessive amounts of hormones?

Accepted Answer

Graves' disease

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process by which HIV integrates its genetic material into the host cell's DNA?

Accepted Answer

HIV RNA is transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase, and the DNA is integrated into the host chromosome by integrase.

Disorders Associated with the Immune System: Autoimmune Diseases and AIDS

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