Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have DNA enclosed in a nuclear membrane, while prokaryotic cells have DNA in a nucleoid region.

Question 2

Which structure is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is the site of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 3

A bacterial cell is exposed to lysozyme. What is the most likely outcome for a Gram-positive bacterium?

Accepted Answer

The cell wall will be digested, making the cell highly susceptible to osmotic lysis.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why penicillin is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that is easily penetrated by penicillin.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Serves as the site of protein synthesis

Question 6

A scientist observes a cell with a single, circular chromosome, no histones, and no nuclear envelope. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic bacterial cell

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Alternating molecules of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) form a carbohydrate backbone cross-linked by peptides.

Question 8

Which of the following is a unique feature of Archaea compared to Bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Archaea cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan.

Question 9

Which process allows eukaryotic cells to engulf large particles or microorganisms?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 10

A patient develops a catheter-associated infection. Which microbial property most likely contributes to the persistence of this infection?

Accepted Answer

Formation of biofilms on the catheter surface

Question 11

Which of the following structures is responsible for motility in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 12

Which of the following statements about bacterial ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are 70S ribosomes composed of 50S and 30S subunits.

Question 13

Which of the following is a clinically relevant reason for the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics can selectively target prokaryotic ribosomes without affecting eukaryotic ribosomes.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial plasmids?

Accepted Answer

They carry genes for antibiotic resistance and can be transferred between bacteria.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the movement of materials across cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport moves substances down their concentration gradient without energy input.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of sporulation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It is the process by which bacteria form durable, dehydrated cells to survive extreme conditions.

Question 17

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Presence of an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides

Question 18

Which equation best represents the osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) $$across a cell membrane, relevant to the concept of tonicity?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = iMRT$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial capsule in pathogenesis?

Accepted Answer

It protects bacteria from phagocytosis by host immune cells.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about biofilms is correct?

Accepted Answer

Biofilms increase bacterial resistance to antibiotics and are a major cause of healthcare-associated infections.

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure, Function, and Clinical Relevance

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