Question 1

Which of the following statements best distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane.

Question 2

A bacterial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink (plasmolysis).

Question 3

Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is responsible for its endotoxin activity?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 4

A patient is infected with a bacterium that is resistant to penicillin. Which cell wall structure is most likely present in this bacterium?

Accepted Answer

Thin peptidoglycan with an outer membrane

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial capsules?

Accepted Answer

They prevent phagocytosis and contribute to virulence.

Question 6

Which of the following arrangements describes a cluster of spherical bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Staphylococci

Question 7

A scientist observes a bacterium with a corkscrew motion under the microscope. Which structure is most likely responsible for this type of movement?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments (endoflagella)

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct description of the Gram stain mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol dehydrates the thick peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive cells, trapping the crystal violet-iodine complex.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the bacterial plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Site of protein synthesis

Question 10

Which process requires both a transporter protein and ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 11

A bacterium is found to have a cell wall composed of pseudomurein and lacks N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). To which domain does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Archaea

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why Mycoplasma species are resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall and have sterols in their plasma membrane.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct pairing of bacterial cell shape and arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Coccus – chains (streptococci)

Question 14

Which of the following is a unique feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of membrane-bound organelles

Question 15

A Gram-negative bacterium is more susceptible to mechanical breakage than a Gram-positive bacterium. Which structural feature explains this difference?

Accepted Answer

Thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of fimbriae in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces and formation of biofilms

Question 17

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net movement of water during osmosis?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} ightarrow $$ area of higher solute concentration

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in biofilms?

Accepted Answer

It protects cells and helps them attach to surfaces.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of flagella in a bacterium that has a single flagellum at each end of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Amphitrichous

Question 20

A researcher is studying a bacterium that stains red with the Gram stain. Which of the following characteristics is most likely present in this bacterium?

Accepted Answer

Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structured Study Notes

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