Question 1

Which of the following statements best distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells have one circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to be rod-shaped and forms chains. What is the correct term for this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Streptobacilli

Question 3

Which component of the bacterial cell wall is targeted by lysozyme and penicillin?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan

Question 4

A Gram-negative bacterium is more resistant to penicillin than a Gram-positive bacterium. Which structural feature explains this?

Accepted Answer

Presence of an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the glycocalyx capsule in pathogenic bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It prevents phagocytosis by host immune cells.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct description of osmosis in bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 7

Which of the following is a unique feature of Gram-positive bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Thick peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acids

Question 8

A patient is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Which cell wall characteristic is most responsible for its acid-fast property?

Accepted Answer

Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why bacteria with capsules are often more virulent than those without?

Accepted Answer

Capsules prevent recognition and ingestion by phagocytes.

Question 10

Which process requires both a transporter protein and ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 11

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of bacterial fimbriae?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces and formation of biofilms

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of flagella in a bacterium with a single flagellum at each end?

Accepted Answer

Amphitrichous

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the movement of oxygen ($$O_2) $$and carbon dioxide ($$CO_2) $$across the bacterial plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They move via simple diffusion down their concentration gradients.

Question 15

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of membrane-bound organelles

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the Gram stain result for a bacterium with a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane?

Accepted Answer

It stains purple due to retention of crystal violet.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Selective permeability for molecules

Question 18

Which of the following is true about group translocation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It requires phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) and chemically modifies the substance as it enters the cell.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct pairing of bacterial cell wall component and its function?

Accepted Answer

O polysaccharide – functions as an antigen

Question 20

A scientist isolates a bacterium that lacks a cell wall but survives due to sterols in its plasma membrane. Which genus does this organism most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Mycoplasma

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure, Composition, and Transport Mechanisms

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