Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Their outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that act as a barrier to many antibiotics.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with walking pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Which structural feature of this organism makes it resistant to penicillin?

Accepted Answer

Lack of a cell wall and presence of sterols in the plasma membrane

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial fimbriae?

Accepted Answer

Attachment and colonization of surfaces

Question 4

A bacterium is placed in a hypotonic solution. If its cell wall is damaged, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst due to osmotic lysis.

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes have histones associated with their DNA, while prokaryotes do not.

Question 6

Which of the following structures is responsible for the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Pili

Question 7

A Gram stain is performed on a bacterial sample. After the alcohol decolorization step, Gram-negative cells appear colorless. What is the reason for this?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol dissolves the outer membrane and creates holes in the thin peptidoglycan, allowing the crystal violet-iodine complex to leave the cell.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It aids in adherence, protects against phagocytosis, and can serve as a nutrient source.

Question 9

Which of the following is a unique feature of the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria such as Mycobacterium?

Accepted Answer

Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan

Question 10

A scientist observes a bacterium with a corkscrew motion under the microscope. Which structure is most likely responsible for this type of motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments

Question 11

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Movement of solutes from high to low concentration with the help of transporter proteins, without ATP

Question 12

Which of the following equations correctly represents osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) as it $$relates to the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = iMRT$$

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Contains sterols for membrane fluidity

Question 14

A bacterial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely effect on the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing plasmolysis.

Question 15

Which of the following is evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain 70S ribosomes similar to those of prokaryotes.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of microtubules in eukaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

9 pairs + 2 arrangement

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi complex in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Membrane formation and secretion

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the action of lysozyme on bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

It digests disaccharides in peptidoglycan, weakening the cell wall.

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding the movement of water during osmosis in a bacterial cell?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They are involved in the oxidation of O$$_2$$ and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Mini-Textbook Study Notes

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