Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells usually have a single circular chromosome not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.

Question 2

Which bacterial shape is correctly matched with its description?

Accepted Answer

Bacillus: rod-shaped

Question 3

A microbiologist observes a bacterium that is monomorphic and measures approximately $$1.5\ \mu m in $$diameter. What does 'monomorphic' mean in this context?

Accepted Answer

The bacterium has a single, consistent shape.

Question 4

Which of the following arrangements describes a cluster of spherical bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Staphylococci

Question 5

Which structure is responsible for motility in spirochetes and how does it function?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments; by rotating and causing the cell to move like a corkscrew

Question 6

Which component of the bacterial cell wall is targeted by penicillin, and what is the result?

Accepted Answer

Peptide cross-bridges in peptidoglycan; weakened cell wall

Question 7

A patient is infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Which feature of this bacterium's glycocalyx contributes to its virulence?

Accepted Answer

The capsule prevents phagocytosis and helps the microbe adhere to body surfaces.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why gram-negative bacteria are less susceptible to penicillin than gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria blocks access of penicillin to its target.

Question 9

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 10

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the expected outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and some attached carbohydrates.

Question 12

Which bacterial structure is involved in the transfer of DNA between cells?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation pili

Question 13

Which of the following statements about plasmids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Plasmids are small extrachromosomal circles of DNA that may encode antibiotic resistance.

Question 14

Which type of bacterial cell wall contains teichoic acids and is disrupted by lysozyme?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive cell wall

Question 15

Which of the following inclusions is correctly matched with its function?

Accepted Answer

Magnetosomes: destroy $$H_2O_2$$

Question 16

Which process requires a transporter protein and ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 17

A microbiologist is studying a bacterium that lacks a cell wall but survives in a hypotonic environment. Which adaptation most likely allows this bacterium to avoid osmotic lysis?

Accepted Answer

Presence of sterols in the plasma membrane

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of endospores in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are dormant cells that allow survival under harsh conditions.

Question 19

Which of the following antibiotics specifically interferes with prokaryotic ribosomal function and protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Streptomycin

Question 20

A bacterium is exposed to lysozyme. What is the most likely outcome for a gram-positive cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell wall will be hydrolyzed, making the cell susceptible to osmotic lysis.

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure, Shape, and Arrangement

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