Question 1

Which of the following is a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, while prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to form grape-like clusters of spherical cells. Which term best describes this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Staphylococci

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the bacterial glycocalyx?

Accepted Answer

It aids in adherence to surfaces and protects against phagocytosis.

Question 4

Which structure is responsible for the movement of bacteria toward or away from a chemical stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 5

A scientist treats a bacterial culture with penicillin. What is the most likely effect on the bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin inhibits peptide bridge formation in peptidoglycan, weakening the cell wall.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about Gram-negative bacteria is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.

Question 7

Which process requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 8

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing plasmolysis.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of bacterial endospores?

Accepted Answer

They allow bacteria to survive extreme environmental conditions.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why Mycobacterium species are acid-fast?

Accepted Answer

They possess a waxy, lipid-rich mycolic acid layer outside the peptidoglycan.

Question 11

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is essential for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 12

Which of the following is a unique feature of eukaryotic plasma membranes compared to prokaryotic plasma membranes?

Accepted Answer

Presence of sterols in the membrane

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of microtubules in eukaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

9 + 2 array

Question 14

A bacterium with a single flagellum at one end is described as:

Accepted Answer

Monotrichous and polar

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of the bacterial cell wall?

Accepted Answer

Generating ATP

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of group translocation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

An active process that chemically modifies a substance as it enters the cell

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

It proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Oxidation of fatty acids and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of pili in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They are involved in DNA transfer during conjugation.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct description of osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water molecules from high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Microbiology Study Notes

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