Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells possess multiple, linear chromosomes enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus.

Question 2

A microbiologist isolates a bacterium with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and teichoic acids. Which type of cell wall does this bacterium most likely possess?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive

Question 3

Which structure is primarily responsible for bacterial motility and is composed of flagellin arranged in helical chains?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 4

A patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Under the microscope, the bacteria appear as pairs of round cells. What is the correct term for this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Diplococci

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to certain antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They possess an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide that acts as a barrier to many antibiotics.

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial glycocalyx?

Accepted Answer

Protection against phagocytosis and adherence to surfaces

Question 7

A bacterium is observed to move toward a chemical attractant. Which process is responsible for this behavior?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the composition of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) cross-linked by peptide bridges

Question 9

Which of the following is a unique feature of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Accepted Answer

High content of mycolic acids (waxy lipids)

Question 10

A scientist treats a bacterial culture with lysozyme, which breaks down peptidoglycan. What is the most likely result for Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Formation of protoplasts

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial endospores?

Accepted Answer

Enable survival under harsh environmental conditions

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 13

A bacterium is found to have magnetosomes. What is the most likely function of these structures?

Accepted Answer

Alignment along magnetic fields for navigation

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria originated from aerobic bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells, forming a symbiotic relationship.

Question 15

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy input and moves molecules against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 16

A bacterial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing it to shrink (plasmolysis).

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct match between a bacterial structure and its function?

Accepted Answer

Pili – DNA transfer during conjugation

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of sporulation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of a vegetative cell into a dormant, highly resistant endospore

Question 19

Which of the following is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and acts as an endotoxin?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A

Question 20

A researcher observes a bacterium with a corkscrew motion due to internal flagella. Which structure is responsible for this type of motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments (endoflagella)

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells

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