Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the net ATP yield from aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose in a prokaryotic cell?

$$ 1 \times 2 + 2 \times 2 + 10 \times 3 = 38 $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes a microorganism as introduced in the first lecture?

Accepted Answer

Any living organism that is too small to be seen without magnification, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.

Question 2

A laboratory is classified as Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2). Which of the following practices is most appropriate for this level?

Accepted Answer

Handling moderate-risk agents with limited access, using gloves and lab coats, and employing procedures to minimize splashes or aerosols.

Question 3

During a Gram stain, a student forgets to add the decolorizer. What is the most likely result when observing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria under the microscope?

Accepted Answer

Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria will appear purple.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why prokaryotic cells can divide more rapidly than eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, allowing DNA replication and cell division to occur simultaneously.

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with a fungal infection. Which of the following cellular features would you expect to find in the causative organism?

Accepted Answer

Chitin cell wall and membrane-bound organelles.

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net ATP yield from aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose in a prokaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

$$ 1 	imes 2 + 2 	imes 2 + 10 	imes 3 = 38 $$

Question 7

A bacterium is found to grow equally well in the presence or absence of oxygen. Which term best describes its oxygen requirements?

Accepted Answer

Facultative anaerobe

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the lag phase in a standard bacterial growth curve?

Accepted Answer

Cells are metabolically active but not yet dividing.

Question 9

A hospital is trying to control the spread of a bacterial pathogen. Which method would be most effective for sterilizing heat-sensitive medical equipment?

Accepted Answer

Ethylene oxide gas sterilization.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of DNA polymerase during bacterial DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction.

Question 11

A scientist introduces a plasmid carrying an antibiotic resistance gene into a bacterial cell. Which process is being utilized?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?

Accepted Answer

In prokaryotes, translation can begin before transcription is complete.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, allowing insertion of foreign DNA.

Question 14

A newly discovered microorganism has no peptidoglycan in its cell wall and its membrane lipids contain ether bonds. To which domain does it most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Archaea

Question 15

Which of the following equations represents the basic reproduction number ($$ R_0$ ) $$for an infectious disease, where $$ \beta  is $$the transmission rate, $$ \gamma  is $$the recovery rate, and $$ S  is $$the number of susceptible individuals?

Accepted Answer

$$ R_0$ = \frac{\beta S}{\gamma} $$

Question 16

A patient is infected with an enveloped RNA virus. Which of the following is a unique feature of this type of virus compared to a non-enveloped virus?

Accepted Answer

It acquires its envelope from the host cell membrane during budding.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin?

Accepted Answer

Inhibits cell wall synthesis by blocking transpeptidase enzymes.

Question 18

A patient with a compromised immune system is most at risk for which type of infection?

Accepted Answer

Opportunistic infection

Question 19

Which of the following is a primary function of innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Rapid, non-specific defense against a wide range of pathogens.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the nitrogen cycle's role in environmental microbiology?

Accepted Answer

Microorganisms convert nitrogen gas ($$ N_2$ ) $$into ammonia ($$ NH_3$ ) $$through nitrogen fixation.

General Microbiology: Course Topics and Study Guide

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