Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of interferons (IFNs) in the innate immune response to intracellular viruses?

Accepted Answer

They induce an antiviral state in neighboring cells and activate NK cells.

Question 2

Natural Killer (NK) cells are activated in the absence of which molecule on the surface of target cells?

Accepted Answer

MHC class I

Question 3

Which of the following is a mechanism by which cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+ T cells) kill virally infected cells?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis

Question 4

During inflammation, which cytokine is most commonly associated with the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)

Question 5

A CD8+ T cell becomes activated after recognizing which of the following on an infected cell?

Accepted Answer

Antigen presented by MHC class I

Question 6

Which step is essential for the activation of a T-dependent B cell?

Accepted Answer

Interaction with a helper T cell (CD4+) that recognizes the same antigen

Question 7

How do antibodies help protect against viral diseases?

Accepted Answer

By neutralizing viruses and preventing their entry into host cells

Question 8

Which of the following is a key feature of mRNA vaccines, such as the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine?

Accepted Answer

They deliver genetic instructions for cells to produce viral proteins.

Question 9

What is the recommended administration schedule for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Two doses spaced 28 days apart

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why high vaccination rates are important in a population?

Accepted Answer

They contribute to herd immunity, protecting those who cannot be vaccinated.

Question 11

Which of the following is a common myth about mRNA vaccines, and why is it incorrect?

Accepted Answer

mRNA vaccines alter your DNA; however, mRNA does not enter the cell nucleus or interact with DNA.

Question 12

A patient receives a vaccine that contains inactivated viral particles. Which type of immunity is primarily generated?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity (antibody production)

Question 13

Which equation best represents the probability $$P of $$herd immunity in a population, given the basic reproduction number $$R_0$$?

Accepted Answer

$$P = 1 - \frac{1}{R_0$}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Producing antibodies against viral antigens

Question 15

A patient with a genetic defect in MHC class I expression would most likely have impaired function of which immune cell type?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of inflammation in response to viral infection?

Accepted Answer

It involves the release of cytokines that recruit immune cells to the site of infection.

Question 17

Which of the following is a multi-step process required for the activation of a CD8+ T cell?

Accepted Answer

Antigen presentation by MHC class I, co-stimulatory signals, and cytokine release

Question 18

Which of the following statements about vaccine effectiveness is correct?

Accepted Answer

Effectiveness depends on the immune response generated and the match to circulating strains.

Question 19

A person claims that vaccines cause the disease they are meant to prevent. Which scientific fact refutes this myth for inactivated and mRNA vaccines?

Accepted Answer

Inactivated and mRNA vaccines do not contain live pathogens capable of replication.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the release of perforin and granzymes by NK cells is important in the immune response to viruses?

Accepted Answer

They induce apoptosis in virus-infected cells, limiting viral replication.

Immune Responses to Viruses and Vaccination: Key Concepts in Microbiology

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