Q: Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between the number of memory cells ($$N_m) $$produced after vaccination and the strength of the secondary immune response ($$S$$)?

$$S = k \times N_m$$, where $$k is a $$proportionality constant

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main advantage of attenuated (live) vaccines over inactivated (killed) vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses, often with long-lasting memory.

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine containing inactivated whole Bordetella pertussis bacteria. Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of this vaccine type?

Accepted Answer

It often requires multiple doses to achieve full immunity.

Question 3

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between the number of memory cells ($$N_m) $$produced after vaccination and the strength of the secondary immune response ($$S$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$S = k 	imes N_m$$, where $$k is a $$proportionality constant

Question 4

A child is bitten by a rabid animal and receives an injection of preformed anti-rabies antibodies. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 5

Which of the following is a major limitation of passive immunotherapy using animal-derived antisera?

Accepted Answer

It can trigger serum sickness due to immune responses against animal proteins.

Question 6

Why is passive immunity effective more quickly than active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Because it provides preformed antibodies that can immediately neutralize antigens.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why individuals with egg allergies must avoid certain vaccines?

Accepted Answer

Some vaccines are produced using chicken eggs, and residual egg proteins can trigger allergic reactions.

Question 8

A new vaccine is developed using recombinant DNA technology to produce a purified antigen in yeast cells. Which type of vaccine is this?

Accepted Answer

Recombinant subunit vaccine

Question 9

Which of the following is a key reason why toxoid vaccines require booster shots every 10 years?

Accepted Answer

Toxoids contain few antigens and only stimulate antibody-mediated immunity, leading to waning memory over time.

Question 10

A combination vaccine such as Pentacel protects against which of the following diseases?

Accepted Answer

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for antitoxins used in passive immunotherapy?

Accepted Answer

They neutralize toxins and promote opsonization for immediate protection.

Question 12

Which of the following is a plausible risk associated with the use of attenuated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They may cause mild infections and, rarely, disease in immunocompromised individuals.

Question 13

A patient receives a vaccine containing only four purified proteins from Bordetella pertussis. This vaccine is best classified as:

Accepted Answer

Acellular subunit vaccine

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a recommended method of vaccine administration for the diseases listed in the CDC schedule?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous administration for influenza vaccine

Question 15

Which of the following statements about recombinant gene technology in vaccine development is correct?

Accepted Answer

It can be used to delete virulence genes from pathogens, creating irreversibly attenuated microbes.

Question 16

A patient develops a severe allergic reaction after receiving a vaccine. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Anaphylactic shock due to a component such as egg protein or adjuvant

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why research has not substantiated the claim that vaccines cause autism?

Accepted Answer

Extensive scientific studies have found no causal link between vaccines and autism.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between naturally acquired and artificially acquired active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired active immunity results from exposure to antigens in daily life, while artificially acquired active immunity results from vaccination.

Question 19

A new DNA vaccine is being tested in which a plasmid encoding a pathogen antigen is injected into the body. What is a key feature of this approach?

Accepted Answer

The host's own cells express the antigen, potentially stimulating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why repeated doses of animal-derived antisera can lead to serum sickness?

Accepted Answer

The patient's immune system recognizes animal proteins as foreign and mounts an immune response.

Immunization and Types of Acquired Immunity

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