Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific protection, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops memory after exposure.

Question 2

A patient receives antivenom after a snake bite. What type of immunity is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 3

Which leukocyte is most abundant in blood and acts as a first responder to bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 4

Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Localized heat and swelling

Question 5

A newborn develops hemolytic disease due to Rh incompatibility. Which maternal antibody is responsible for crossing the placenta and attacking fetal red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why herd immunity is important in public health?

Accepted Answer

It reduces the number of susceptible hosts, making it harder for pathogens to spread.

Question 7

A patient with type I hypersensitivity to peanuts experiences rapid swelling and difficulty breathing after exposure. What is the underlying immunological mechanism?

Accepted Answer

IgE antibodies bind to mast cells, causing degranulation and release of histamine.

Question 8

Which cytokine family is primarily responsible for recruiting immune cells to sites of injury or infection?

Accepted Answer

Chemokines

Question 9

A blood transfusion reaction occurs when a patient with type O- blood receives type AB+ blood. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Hemolysis of transfused red blood cells due to antigen incompatibility.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Recruiting immune defenses to the injured area

Question 11

Which antibody isotype is most abundant in blood and provides long-term immunity?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 12

A patient develops a rash and joint pain after receiving antitoxin treatment for tetanus. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Type III (Immune complex-mediated)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of dendritic cells in immunity?

Accepted Answer

They are highly phagocytic and crucial for activating adaptive immune responses.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the tuberculin skin test (PPD test)?

Accepted Answer

It is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells.

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between primary and secondary immune deficiencies?

Accepted Answer

Secondary immune deficiencies result from external factors such as drugs or infections.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of artificially acquired active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Developing immunity after vaccination triggers an immune response

Question 17

Which of the following is a physical barrier of the innate immune system?

Accepted Answer

Skin covering the body

Question 18

A patient with multiple sclerosis has T cells attacking myelin in the central nervous system. Which type of hypersensitivity is this?

Accepted Answer

Type IV hypersensitivity

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between antibody titer and time after primary and secondary antigen exposure?

Accepted Answer

$$Antibody\ Titer_{secondary} \u003e Antibody\ Titer_{primary}$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a major advantage of live attenuated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They mimic natural infections, leading to strong, long-lasting immunity.

Innate and Adaptive Immunity, Immune Disorders, and Cardiovascular Infections: Microbiology Study Notes

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