Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

TLRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger cytokine release.

Question 2

A patient with a genetic defect preventing the production of lysozyme would be most susceptible to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of bacterial infections due to inability to degrade peptidoglycan.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that contributes to innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Low pH of gastric juice

Question 4

During the process of phagocytosis, what is the function of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

To coat pathogens with serum proteins, enhancing adherence to phagocytes

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why fever can be beneficial during an infection?

Accepted Answer

Fever slows the growth of pathogens and enhances the activity of immune cells.

Question 6

A patient is found to have a deficiency in complement protein C3. Which of the following immune functions would be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization and cytolysis of pathogens

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during acute inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation → phagocyte migration → tissue repair

Question 8

Which of the following statements about normal microbiota is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Normal microbiota compete with pathogens for nutrients and space, providing protection.

Question 9

A laboratory test shows a patient has an abnormally high percentage of eosinophils. This finding is most consistent with which type of infection?

Accepted Answer

Parasitic or helminthic infection

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of antimicrobial peptides in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They inhibit cell wall synthesis and form pores in microbial membranes.

Question 11

A patient with a severe burn loses much of their skin barrier. Which of the following consequences is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Increased susceptibility to microbial infections due to loss of a physical barrier

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the membrane attack complex (MAC) formed during complement activation?

Accepted Answer

Creates pores in microbial membranes, leading to cytolysis

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the role of interferons in the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

Interferons induce neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.

Question 14

A patient is given a probiotic supplement after antibiotic therapy. What is the most likely purpose of this intervention?

Accepted Answer

To restore beneficial normal microbiota and prevent overgrowth of harmful microbes

Question 15

Which of the following chemical factors is responsible for the low pH of the skin, inhibiting microbial growth?

Accepted Answer

Sebum

Question 16

A patient with a mutation that prevents the formation of pseudopods in phagocytes would have difficulty with which step of phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Ingestion

Question 17

Which of the following is a possible consequence of a cytokine storm during infection?

Accepted Answer

Significant tissue damage and potential multi-organ failure

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of diapedesis during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells to reach the site of infection

Question 19

Which of the following iron-binding proteins is found in blood and tissue fluids and helps limit bacterial growth?

Accepted Answer

Transferrin

Question 20

A patient with a deficiency in B cells would have the most difficulty with which of the following immune functions?

Accepted Answer

Production of antibodies for the classical complement pathway

Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host – Study Notes

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