Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of lysozyme in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, leading to cell lysis.

Question 2

A patient presents with a parasitic worm infection. Which leukocyte would you expect to be elevated in their blood count?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of the normal microbiome in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Stimulating the adaptive immune response directly

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why tears containing lysozyme do not damage the human eye?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme only targets peptidoglycan, which is absent in human cells.

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis → Adhesion → Ingestion → Maturation → Killing → Elimination

Question 6

Which of the following is a major mechanism by which the complement system destroys pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) leading to cell lysis

Question 7

A patient with a bacterial infection shows an increase in which type of leukocyte?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate defensive responses.

Question 9

Which of the following is a property of the skin that contributes to its role as a first line of defense?

Accepted Answer

The presence of multiple layers of tightly packed cells and antimicrobial peptides

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct statement about the activation of the classical complement pathway?

Accepted Answer

It is initiated when antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of interferons in the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate the production of antiviral proteins in neighboring cells.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why fever can be beneficial during an infection?

Accepted Answer

Fever enhances the effects of interferons and inhibits the growth of some microbes.

Question 13

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of neutrophils compared to other granulocytes?

Accepted Answer

They are the most numerous white blood cells and are highly phagocytic.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a chemical mediator and its function in inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Histamine – vasodilation

Question 15

A patient with a viral infection is likely to show an increase in which type of leukocyte?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of natural killer (NK) cells in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They induce apoptosis in virus-infected and cancer cells by releasing perforins and granzymes.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between skin and mucous membranes as barriers?

Accepted Answer

Skin has multiple layers of dead cells, while mucous membranes have one to a few layers of living cells.

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct result of complement activation?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization of pathogens, making them easier to phagocytose

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are necessary for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to function?

Accepted Answer

TLRs must bind to PAMPs to initiate defensive cellular responses.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of fever in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Fever enhances the activity of phagocytes and inhibits the growth of some microbes.

Innate Immunity: The Body’s First and Second Lines of Defense

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