Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is present at birth and provides a general, fast response, while adaptive immunity develops later and is specific to pathogens.

Question 2

Which physical factor is NOT part of the first line of defense in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Plasma cells

Question 3

Lysozyme, found in tears and saliva, protects against bacteria by:

Accepted Answer

Digesting peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

Question 4

During the process of inflammation, which event occurs immediately after tissue damage?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation, increased blood vessel permeability, and blood clotting

Question 5

Which defensive cell is responsible for ingesting and digesting microbes at the site of infection?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages

Question 6

Natural killer (NK) cells destroy tumor and virus-infected cells by releasing:

Accepted Answer

Perforin and granzymes

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Fever

Question 8

What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

To confine and destroy microbes and initiate tissue repair

Question 9

Which chemical factor in the first line of defense destroys microbes and toxins by maintaining a low pH?

Accepted Answer

Gastric juice

Question 10

A patient develops a fever after a bacterial infection. Which of the following is a benefit of fever in the innate immune response?

Accepted Answer

Fever inhibits the growth of microbes and speeds up tissue repair reactions.

Question 11

The complement system enhances the immune response by:

Accepted Answer

Directly lysing microbes, promoting inflammation, and instructing adaptive immunity

Question 12

Interferons are important in the innate immune response because they:

Accepted Answer

Are secreted by infected cells and tell uninfected cells to protect themselves

Question 13

Which of the following is a disadvantage of fever as a second line of defense?

Accepted Answer

It can cause tachycardia, dehydration, seizures, and even death at high temperatures.

Question 14

During the process of inflammation, what is the correct sequence of events?

Accepted Answer

Tissue damage → Vasodilation → Phagocyte migration → Tissue repair

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of cilia in the first line of defense?

Accepted Answer

Propel microbes upward out of the lungs

Question 16

A patient with a genetic defect in the complement system would most likely experience:

Accepted Answer

Reduced ability to lyse microbes and increased susceptibility to infections

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a component of the second line of defense in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies

Question 18

Which cell type releases perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis in target cells?

Accepted Answer

Natural killer (NK) cells

Question 19

If the mucous membranes are damaged, which process is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of microbe entrance at body surfaces

Question 20

Which equation best represents the relationship between the rate of phagocytosis ($$R) $$and the concentration of microbes ($$M) at $$the site of infection, assuming a direct proportionality?

Accepted Answer

$$R = k 	imes M$$

Innate Immunity: The First and Second Lines of Defense

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