Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose.

Question 2

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 3

A scientist introduces a segment of DNA into a bacterial cell, and the cell incorporates this DNA into its own genome. Which process does this describe?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 4

Which of the following best explains the function of DNA ligase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by forming phosphodiester bonds.

Question 5

A mutation changes a codon from $$	ext{UAC} ($$tyrosine) to $$	ext{UAA} ($$stop codon). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 6

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA Polymerase

Question 7

A patient is infected with a bacteriophage that transfers bacterial DNA from one cell to another. Which genetic exchange process is occurring?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 8

Which of the following best describes a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

An insertion or deletion of nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the gene.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of DNA gyrase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It relieves supercoiling ahead of the replication fork.

Question 10

A bacterial cell receives a plasmid from another cell through a pilus. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 11

Which of the following statements about transposons is correct?

Accepted Answer

Transposons are segments of DNA that can move from one location to another within a genome.

Question 12

During translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 13

A mutation changes the codon $$	ext{GAA} ($$glutamic acid) to $$	ext{GUA} ($$valine). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the direction of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

DNA is synthesized in the $$5' \rightarrow 3'$$ direction.

Question 15

A researcher observes that after exposure to a mutagen, a gene's reading frame is altered, resulting in a completely different amino acid sequence downstream. Which type of mutation most likely occurred?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of DNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

Unwinding the DNA double helix

Question 17

In a hospital outbreak, a strain of bacteria acquires antibiotic resistance genes from a bacteriophage. Which genetic mechanism is responsible?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

Question 19

A gene is mutated such that a single nucleotide is changed, but the resulting amino acid sequence is unchanged. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 20

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the role of transposons in bacterial evolution?

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA moves from a plasmid to the bacterial chromosome, conferring antibiotic resistance.

Microbial Genetics: DNA Structure, Replication, and Gene Transfer

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