Question 1

Which process is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, as shown in the central dogma diagram?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 2

In the central dogma, what is the correct sequence of information flow?

Accepted Answer

DNA → RNA → Protein

Question 3

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for relieving supercoiling ahead of the replication fork?

Accepted Answer

Topoisomerase

Question 4

Which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix at the replication fork?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 5

In the context of DNA replication, what is the function of single-stranded binding proteins?

Accepted Answer

They prevent separated DNA strands from reannealing.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication origins is correct?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotes have a single origin of replication per chromosome.

Question 7

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing short RNA primers during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 8

What is the main difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments.

Question 9

In the DNA replication fork diagram, which strand (A or B) is the lagging strand, and why?

Accepted Answer

A is the lagging strand, as DNA is always synthesized in the 5' to 3' manner.

Question 10

Which enzyme covalently joins Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 11

During transcription, which DNA strand has the same sequence as the RNA molecule (except for uracil replacing thymine)?

Accepted Answer

Coding strand

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the 5' cap and poly-A tail added during eukaryotic mRNA processing?

Accepted Answer

They facilitate export of mRNA from the nucleus.

Question 13

Which type of RNA contains codons that specify amino acids during translation?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Question 14

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It carries amino acids to the ribosome.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the A-site in the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

It holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added.

Question 16

Which codon serves as the start codon for translation, and which amino acid does it specify?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{AUG}$$; Methionine

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the direction of ribosome movement during translation is correct?

Accepted Answer

The ribosome moves along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction.

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of the redundancy of the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Having more codons than amino acids.

Question 19

If a mutation changes a codon from $$\mathrm{UUA} to$$ $$\mathrm{UUG}$$, both of which code for leucine, what type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 20

Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers and replacing them with DNA during replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase I

Microbial Genetics: From DNA to Protein – Replication, Transcription, and Translation

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