Question 1

Which of the following best describes the net products of glycolysis when one molecule of glucose is metabolized?

Accepted Answer

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate

Question 2

During the Krebs cycle, only two carbons from pyruvate enter the cycle. What happens to the third carbon?

Accepted Answer

It is released as $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

Question 3

In bacterial metabolism, what happens to the carbon atoms that do not become $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ during the Krebs cycle?

Accepted Answer

They are used as precursor building blocks for biosynthesis.

Question 4

Which statement best explains how electrons are handled during cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Electrons are transferred via carrier molecules such as NADH and FADH$$_2.$$

Question 5

What is the role of chemiosmosis in ATP production during electron transport, and where is ATPase located in bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

Chemiosmosis uses the proton gradient across the membrane to drive ATP synthesis via ATPase, which is located in the cell membrane.

Question 6

Which equation represents substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i} \rightarrow \mathrm{ATP}$$

Question 7

How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic respiration uses alternate electron acceptors such as $$\mathrm{NO_3$^-}$$, $$\mathrm{SO_4$^{2-}}$$, or $$\mathrm{CO_3$^{2-}}$$ instead of $$\mathrm{O_2$}.$$

Question 8

In fermentation, what is used as the final electron acceptor, and what happens to the resulting carbon compounds?

Accepted Answer

Organic molecules such as pyruvate are the final electron acceptors; the resulting compounds (e.g., ethanol, lactic acid) are excreted from the cell.

Question 9

Approximately how much ATP is produced per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

32–36 ATP

Question 10

Which process constitutes DNA replication in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of a new DNA strand using the original DNA as a template.

Question 11

What is the Central Dogma of Biology as it applies to microbial genetics?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{DNA} \rightarrow \mathrm{RNA} \rightarrow \mathrm{Protein}$$

Question 12

Which of the following best distinguishes genotype from phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the observable traits.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a mutagen that can increase the mutation rate in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

UV radiation

Question 14

Which method of genetic transfer in bacteria involves the uptake of naked DNA by competent cells?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 15

What is the main difference between plasmids and the bacterial genome?

Accepted Answer

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules independent of the genome and often carry non-essential genes.

Question 16

Which factor is responsible for multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

R-factor plasmids

Question 17

During conjugation, how is genetic material transferred from donor to recipient?

Accepted Answer

Through a sex pilus connecting the donor (F+) to the recipient (F-)

Question 18

Which method of genetic transfer in bacteria involves a virus carrying donor cell genes to a recipient?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 19

Why is bacterial genetic transfer called 'horizontal transfer'?

Accepted Answer

Because genes are transferred between cells of the same generation, not from parent to offspring.

Question 20

A researcher exposes E. coli to gamma radiation and observes an increased mutation rate. Which best explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

Gamma radiation acts as a physical mutagen, increasing the rate of heritable DNA changes.

Microbial Metabolism and Genetics: Step-by-Step Study Guidance

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