뒤로Microbiology Exam Review: Infection, Immunity, and Immunization (Chapters 14–17)
스터디 가이드 - 스마트 노트
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Q1. What is symbiosis?
Background
Topic: Microbial Relationships
This question tests your understanding of the interactions between different organisms, especially microbes and their hosts.
Key Terms
Symbiosis: A close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Think about the general definition of symbiosis in biology.
Consider the types of relationships that can exist between two organisms (e.g., mutual benefit, harm, or neutrality).
Try to recall examples of symbiotic relationships involving microbes and hosts.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Symbiosis is a close and long-term interaction between two different biological organisms, which can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral to one or both parties.
Q2. What 4 types of symbiosis exist in nature?
Background
Topic: Types of Symbiotic Relationships
This question is about classifying the different ways organisms interact in symbiotic relationships.
Key Terms
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Amensalism
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the definitions of each type of symbiotic relationship.
Think about how each type affects the organisms involved (benefit, harm, or no effect).
List the four main types and consider examples for each.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
The four types of symbiosis are mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and amensalism.
Q3. Why is true mutualism difficult to prove?
Background
Topic: Symbiotic Relationships
This question explores the challenges in demonstrating that both organisms benefit equally in a mutualistic relationship.
Key Terms
Mutualism: Both organisms benefit.
Experimental Evidence: Proof that both parties gain measurable benefits.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Consider what is required to demonstrate mutual benefit in a relationship.
Think about the challenges in measuring benefits for both organisms, especially in complex environments.
Reflect on how environmental factors or hidden costs might complicate the assessment.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
True mutualism is difficult to prove because it is challenging to demonstrate that both organisms benefit equally and that there are no hidden costs or disadvantages to either party.
Q4. What is normal microbiota in humans?
Background
Topic: Human Microbiome
This question tests your understanding of the microorganisms that naturally inhabit the human body.
Key Terms
Normal Microbiota: The community of microorganisms that live on and inside the human body without causing disease under normal conditions.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Think about where microbes are found on the human body (e.g., skin, gut, mouth).
Consider the difference between normal microbiota and pathogens.
Recall the role of these microbes in health and disease prevention.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Normal microbiota are the microorganisms that reside on and within the human body, typically without causing disease and often providing beneficial functions.
Q5. How is normal microbiota acquired by humans?
Background
Topic: Acquisition of Microbiota
This question focuses on the process by which humans obtain their normal microbiota.
Key Terms
Colonization: The process by which microbes establish themselves on or in the body.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Think about when and how humans first come into contact with microbes (e.g., birth, environment).
Consider the role of factors like delivery method, feeding, and environment in shaping microbiota.
Recall how microbiota can change over time due to lifestyle and exposures.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Normal microbiota are acquired during and after birth through contact with the mother, environment, food, and other people.
Q6. What are opportunistic pathogens?
Background
Topic: Pathogenicity
This question is about microbes that can cause disease under certain conditions but are usually harmless.
Key Terms
Opportunistic Pathogen: A microorganism that causes disease only when the host's defenses are compromised or when introduced to an unusual location.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the difference between normal microbiota and pathogens.
Think about situations where a normally harmless microbe might cause disease.
Consider examples such as immunocompromised individuals or breaches in physical barriers.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Opportunistic pathogens are microbes that do not usually cause disease but can become pathogenic when the host's immune system is weakened or when they enter normally sterile areas of the body.
Q7. What are obligatory/true pathogens?
Background
Topic: Pathogen Classification
This question asks you to distinguish between microbes that always cause disease and those that do so only under certain conditions.
Key Terms
Obligate/True Pathogen: A microorganism that causes disease in healthy hosts under normal conditions.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Think about the definition of a pathogen and what makes one 'obligate' or 'true.'
Consider examples of diseases caused by true pathogens.
Contrast with opportunistic pathogens.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Obligatory or true pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease in healthy individuals under normal immune conditions.
Q8. Which conditions/situations may lead to normal microbiota becoming opportunistic pathogens?
Background
Topic: Opportunistic Infections
This question explores the circumstances under which normally harmless microbes can cause disease.
Key Terms
Immunosuppression
Disruption of normal microbiota
Introduction to unusual sites
Step-by-Step Guidance
List factors that weaken the immune system (e.g., illness, medications).
Think about how antibiotics or other treatments can disrupt normal microbiota balance.
Consider how microbes might be introduced to parts of the body where they are not normally found.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Normal microbiota can become opportunistic pathogens when the immune system is compromised, when the balance of microbiota is disrupted (e.g., by antibiotics), or when they are introduced into normally sterile body sites.
Q9. How do microbes attach themselves to host cells and tissues?
Background
Topic: Microbial Pathogenesis
This question is about the mechanisms microbes use to adhere to host surfaces, a critical step in infection.
Key Terms
Adhesins
Pili (fimbriae)
Biofilms
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the structures on microbes that facilitate attachment (e.g., proteins, polysaccharides).
Think about how these structures interact with host cell receptors.
Consider the importance of attachment in establishing infection.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Microbes attach to host cells and tissues using structures like adhesins, pili (fimbriae), and by forming biofilms that help them adhere to surfaces.
Q10. What is pathogenicity?
Background
Topic: Microbial Pathogenesis
This question asks you to define the ability of a microbe to cause disease.
Key Terms
Pathogenicity: The capacity of a microbe to cause disease in a host.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Think about what distinguishes a pathogen from a non-pathogen.
Consider the factors that contribute to a microbe's ability to cause disease.
Recall the difference between pathogenicity and virulence.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Pathogenicity is the ability of a microorganism to cause disease in a host organism.
Q11. What is virulence?
Background
Topic: Microbial Pathogenesis
This question is about the degree or severity of pathogenicity.
Key Terms
Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity or the severity of disease caused by a microbe.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall that virulence is a measure, not just a yes/no property.
Think about factors that can increase or decrease virulence (e.g., toxins, enzymes).
Consider how virulence is measured or compared between organisms.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Virulence is the degree of pathogenicity, indicating how severe or harmful a disease caused by a microorganism can be.
Q12. What are three groups of modes of transmission?
Background
Topic: Disease Transmission
This question is about how infectious diseases are spread from one host to another.
Key Terms
Contact Transmission
Vehicle Transmission
Vector Transmission
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the main categories of transmission based on how the pathogen moves from source to host.
Think about examples for each group (e.g., direct contact, contaminated water, insects).
Consider the subtypes within each group.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
The three groups of modes of transmission are contact, vehicle, and vector transmission.
Q13. What are nosocomial infections?
Background
Topic: Healthcare-Associated Infections
This question is about infections acquired in healthcare settings.
Key Terms
Nosocomial Infection: An infection acquired in a hospital or healthcare facility.
Step-by-Step Guidance
Think about where and when these infections occur.
Consider why hospitals are high-risk environments for infection.
Recall examples of common nosocomial infections.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Nosocomial infections are infections acquired in hospitals or other healthcare facilities, typically after admission.
Q14. How can nosocomial infections be acquired (4 ways)?
Background
Topic: Healthcare-Associated Infections
This question asks you to identify the main routes by which patients can acquire infections in healthcare settings.
Key Terms
Direct contact
Indirect contact
Airborne transmission
Contaminated equipment
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the main ways pathogens can be transferred in a hospital.
Think about the role of healthcare workers, surfaces, and medical devices.
Consider how the hospital environment contributes to transmission.
Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!
Final Answer:
Nosocomial infections can be acquired through direct contact, indirect contact (via fomites), airborne transmission, and contaminated medical equipment.
