Question 1

Which of the following best distinguishes viruses from prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Viruses lack cellular structure and do not carry out metabolism independently.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a new virus and observes that it contains only RNA as its genetic material, is surrounded by a protein coat, and has surface spikes. Which of the following correctly identifies the main components of this virus?

Accepted Answer

RNA genome, capsid, envelope, and spikes

Question 3

Which equation best represents the process of viral replication in a host cell?

Accepted Answer

$$V + H \rightarrow V_{genome} + V_{proteins} \rightarrow V_{assembly} \rightarrow V_{release}$$

Question 4

Antigenic shift and antigenic drift are important in the evolution of influenza viruses. Which statement correctly compares these two processes?

Accepted Answer

Antigenic shift involves major genetic reassortment, while antigenic drift involves minor mutations.

Question 5

Why is a virus's host range significant in understanding viral infections?

Accepted Answer

It determines which species and cell types a virus can infect, influencing disease spread.

Question 6

Which of the following is a key feature of the lytic replication cycle of a bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of the host cell and release of new phage particles

Question 7

During lysogenic replication, what happens to the bacteriophage genome?

Accepted Answer

It integrates into the host bacterial chromosome as a prophage.

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with a latent viral infection. Which of the following best describes this type of infection?

Accepted Answer

The virus remains dormant in host cells and can reactivate later.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a lytic infection in animals?

Accepted Answer

Influenza virus causing rapid cell death and symptoms

Question 10

How do viruses contribute to evolution by selective pressure and innovation?

Accepted Answer

By transferring genes between hosts and selecting for resistant variants

Question 11

Which process allows a bacteriophage to convert a non-pathogenic bacterium into a pathogenic one?

Accepted Answer

Lysogenic conversion

Question 12

A researcher wants to quantify the number of infectious bacteriophages in a sample. Which method should they use?

Accepted Answer

Plaque assay

Question 13

Which equation represents the calculation of viral titer using a plaque assay?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Viral\ titer} = \frac{	ext{Number\ of\ plaques}}{	ext{Dilution\ factor} 	imes 	ext{Volume\ plated\ (mL)}}$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the mode of action of the antiviral drug acyclovir?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits viral DNA polymerase, preventing viral DNA synthesis.

Question 15

A virus infects only human liver cells but not human lung cells. This specificity is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Tropism

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical virus?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 17

A bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and its DNA integrates into the host genome. What is the integrated viral DNA called?

Accepted Answer

Prophage

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why viruses are not considered alive by most scientists?

Accepted Answer

They cannot carry out metabolism or reproduce independently.

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates antigenic shift in influenza viruses?

Accepted Answer

A human and avian influenza virus infect the same cell, resulting in a new hybrid virus.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?

Accepted Answer

Annual changes in the flu vaccine composition

Microbiology Study Guide: Viruses, Bacteriophages, and Viral Evolution

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