Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between pathology, etiology, and infection in the study of disease?

Accepted Answer

Etiology is the study of the cause of disease, pathology is the study of disease, and infection is the invasion and colonization of the body by pathogens.

Question 2

A patient is admitted to the hospital with a fever and cough. The hospital staff later discovers that several other patients in the same ward develop similar symptoms. Which term best describes this type of infection?

Accepted Answer

Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infection

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates microbial antagonism by the normal microbiota?

Accepted Answer

Normal microbiota outcompete pathogens for nutrients and attachment sites, limiting pathogen colonization.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a correct application of Koch’s postulates?

Accepted Answer

The pathogen must be present in healthy individuals as well as diseased individuals.

Question 5

A disease that is constantly present in a population, such as malaria in certain regions, is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Endemic

Question 6

Which of the following best differentiates between exotoxins and endotoxins?

Accepted Answer

Exotoxins are secreted proteins that can be produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Question 7

A patient receives a mismatched blood transfusion and develops hemolysis. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is this?

Accepted Answer

Type II (Cytotoxic)

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for superantigen exotoxins?

Accepted Answer

They bind to MHC class II molecules and T-cell receptors, causing excessive cytokine release.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of the stages of disease progression?

Accepted Answer

Incubation → Prodromal → Illness → Decline → Convalescence

Question 10

A patient with HIV is found to have a significantly reduced number of CD4+ T cells. Which stage of HIV infection does this most likely represent?

Accepted Answer

AIDS (Stage 3)

Question 11

Which of the following best explains how fever helps defend the body against infection?

Accepted Answer

Fever inhibits the growth of some pathogens and enhances the activity of immune cells.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of regulatory T cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmunity.

Question 13

A person develops contact dermatitis after exposure to poison ivy. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is this, and what is the main immune mechanism involved?

Accepted Answer

Type IV; T cell-mediated delayed response

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides immediate, nonspecific defense, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops memory after exposure.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why autoimmune diseases occur?

Accepted Answer

The immune system fails to recognize self-antigens due to loss of self-tolerance.

Question 16

A patient is exposed to hepatitis B virus and later receives a hepatitis B vaccine. Which type(s) of adaptive immunity are involved in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired active and artificially acquired active immunity

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of phagocytosis in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis involves engulfing and destroying pathogens by specialized cells such as macrophages and neutrophils.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of events in the process of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation → Phagocyte migration → Tissue repair

Question 19

A patient with a congenital deficiency in complement proteins is most likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased susceptibility to infections due to impaired lysis of pathogens

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which HIV leads to immunodeficiency?

Accepted Answer

HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T helper cells, impairing both humoral and cellular immunity.

Principles of Disease, Pathogenicity, Immunity, and Disorders of the Immune System

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