Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the main difference between the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.

Question 2

A bacterial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. Which of the following best describes what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink due to osmosis.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the nucleolus in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome assembly.

Question 4

A scientist observes a bacterium with a single flagellum at one end. What is the correct term for this flagellar arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Monotrichous

Question 5

Which of the following processes requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Which of the following statements about this organism is correct?

Accepted Answer

It lacks a cell wall and is therefore resistant to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan synthesis.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules and worn-out organelles.

Question 8

A bacterium is observed to move toward a chemical attractant. This type of movement is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Positive chemotaxis

Question 9

Which of the following statements about endospores is correct?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are highly resistant structures formed by certain bacteria in response to unfavorable environmental conditions.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the 'Fluid Mosaic Model' of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A dynamic structure with proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids, allowing lateral movement of components.

Question 11

A eukaryotic cell is observed to have numerous ribosomes attached to its endoplasmic reticulum. What is the primary function of this rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis and initial modification of proteins destined for secretion or for membranes.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.

Question 13

A scientist is studying a eukaryotic cell and observes a structure with a '9+2 array' of microtubules. Which structure is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Cilium or flagellum

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The cell engulfs large particles or microorganisms by extending pseudopodia around them, forming a phagosome.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, while eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are 80S.

Question 17

A bacterial cell is exposed to lysozyme, which damages its cell wall. If the cell is Gram-positive and loses its cell wall completely, what is the resulting structure called?

Accepted Answer

Protoplast

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the centrosome in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

It organizes microtubules and is important for spindle formation during cell division.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the glycocalyx is correct?

Accepted Answer

A capsule is a well-organized, firmly attached glycocalyx, while a slime layer is unorganized and loosely attached.

Question 20

A plant cell contains a large, membrane-bound organelle that stores water, nutrients, and waste products, and helps maintain turgor pressure. What is this organelle called?

Accepted Answer

Vacuole

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structures & Functions: Study Guide

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